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1、THE GAS TURBINE andTHE ENVIRONMENT AboutThe Instructor:Tony Giampaolo, P.E. is president of Power & Compression Systems, an engineering company providing custom designed control systems, design audits, feasibility studies, field test, and forensic engineering for engines, turbines, compressors, and
2、control systems in simple and cogeneration cycle applications. Giampaolo has written a book The Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles and Practices and articles for Oil & Gas Journal, Diesel & Gas Turbine Worldwide, and Western Energy Magazines. He is a registered professional engineer in California, Flo
3、rida, and Ohio, holding both Bachelor and Master of Science Degrees in Mechanical Engineering. He has been a part-time faculty member at California State University.P.O. Box 3028, Mission Viejo, CA 92690 Phone (949)582-8545 Fax (949)582-8992CONTENTSIntroductionDefine EnvironmentDefine Gas TurbineLar
4、ge, Medium, & Small (Micro-Turbine 100kw)Gas Turbines Impact On The EnvironmentAir PollutionNoise PollutionEnvironments Impact On The Gas TurbineCompressor FoulingTurbine Erosion & CorrosionGas Turbine Applications Under DeregulationIntroductionThe affects of the environment on the gas turbine and t
5、he efforts to reduce the gas turbines impact on the environment have a major impact on the expense of operating and maintaining a gas turbine. This presentation addresses the impact gas turbines have on the environment and conversely the impact the environment has on gas turbines. Emissions will be
6、discussed relative to natural sources of airborne contaminants, firing temperature, and fuel choice. Also, techniques to reduce emissions in the combustor and turbine exhaust will be examined. The impact of the environment on the gas turbine will focus on monitoring and controlling the quality, temp
7、erature, and relative humidity of the inlet air. How these affect unit performance, efficiency and fuel consumption will be weighed.Both large and small-scale gas turbines will be important power sources throughout the next 100-to-200 years. To ensure continued acceptance, emissions must be eliminat
8、ed or significantly reduced, component life must be increased, and operating cost must be reduced. Some of the techniques to achieve these goals will be addressed.The information discussed in this presentation is excerpted from my book The Gas Turbine Handbook: Principles & Practices, available thro
9、ugh The Fairmont Press, Inc.EnvironmentThe Environment is all of the external factors, such as water, soil, climate, light, and oxygen affecting an organism. Specifically, in our case, it is the atmosphere or the ocean of air we live in.Atmosphere is defined as a mixture of gases surrounding any cel
10、estial object that has a gravitational field strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping. The principal constituents of our atmosphere on earth are nitrogen (78 percent) and oxygen (21 percent). The atmospheric gases in the remaining 1 percent are argon (0.9 percent), carbon dioxide (0.03 perce
11、nt), varying amounts of water vapor, and trace amounts of hydrogen, ozone, methane, carbon monoxide, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon.Greenhouse Effect describes the role the atmosphere plays in insulating and warming the earths surface. The atmosphere is largely transparent to incoming short-wave s
12、olar radiation, which is absorbed by the earths surface. Much of this radiation is then reemitted from the earth at infrared wavelengths, but it is reflected back to the earth by gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone in the atmosphere. The reflected radiation maintains the
13、temperature of the earth in a range that is hospitable to life. This heating effect is the basis of the theories concerning global warming.The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing by 0.4 percent a year Note: 0.4% of 0.03% = 0.00012% increase per year because of the use of f
14、ossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. The clearing of tropical forests has also been a contributing factor. Other gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons, are increasing even faster. The net effect of these increases could be a worldwide rise in aver
15、age global temperature of 1.0 to 3.5 C (1.8 to 6.3 F), with a best estimate of 2.0 C (3.6 F), by 2100. Warming of this magnitude would alter climates throughout the world, affect crop production, and cause sea levels to rise significantly. If this happened, millions of people would be adversely affe
16、cted by major flooding.Greenhouse Effect, Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia. 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Note:1 cubic meter=35.3 cubic feet1 milligram (1mg)=0.00004 oz. (0.4x10-4)1 microgram (1mg)=0.00000004 oz (0.4x10-7)DIVISIONS OF THE ATMOSPHEREMAJOR AIR POLLUTANTSMajor A
17、ir PollutantsSources of major air pollutants include individual actions, such as driving a car, and industrial activities, such as manufacturing products or generating electricity. Note: 1 cubic meter (1m3) is equal to 35.3 cu ft; 1 milligram (1 mg) is equal to 0.00004 oz; 1 microgram (1g) is equal
18、to 0.00000004 oz. Define Gas TurbineGas Turbine is an engine that employs gas flow as the working medium by which heat energy is transformed into mechanical energy. Therefore, all gas turbines are gas generators. Gas turbines are often classified by their physical size, by the amount of power they p
19、roduce, by their design criteria, or by their originally intended or modified use. Therefore, we have aircraft or jet engines and aero-derivatives describing engines originally built for flight applications and modified for stationary, land based applications; and we have industrial engine designs t
20、hat are similar to steam turbines - these are often identified as heavy industrial gas turbines. This was the design that existed in the first quarter of this century. It was this gas turbine design that Dr. W.J. Stern, then Director of the South Kensington Laboratory declared unworkable as a power
21、source for British fighter aircraft. Several years later Frank Whittle demonstrated a workable lightweight gas turbine and became the Father of the modern jet engine (he shares this honor with Hans Pabst von Ohain who developed a similar engine for Germany at approximately the same time). Large, Med
22、ium, & Small (Micro Turbine 5.0umdust, rain, fog, chemicals, minerals & metals 1-2umdust, salts, fog, soot, chemicals, minerals & metals 0.3-0.5umhydrocarbon emissions, smog.FILTER TYPESInertial Separatorswith & without dust removal capabilityPrefilterssimilar in purpose to the inertial separatorInt
23、ermediate Filters with & without viscous coatingHigh Efficiency FiltersCannister Filterswith & without self-clean feature, and with & without prefiltersFILTRATION PROBLEMS The filter may not be properly installed, The wrong type of filter media may have been installed, The filter element may not be properly maintained, The filter plenum may not be properly maintained, The operating environment has changed since the unit was installed.FACTORS AFFECTING FILTER PERFORMANCE AIR VELOCITY THROUGH THE FILTER FILTER M
