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1、基于网络环境下的PBL教学法在法医学教学中的应用张明阳1，徐冬冬2，王东林1，韩新华1，谷振勇1（1.南通大学医学院法医学系，江苏 南通 226000；2.川北医学院法医学系，四川 南充 640073 ）摘要目的：探讨网络环境下PBL教学法在法医学教学中的应用。方法：对实验组和对照组分别采用基于网络的PBL教学方法和传统教学法，结合成绩考核和问卷调查考试，对教学效果评估。结果：与传统的讲授教学法相比，基于网络的PBL教学法对学生的考试成绩影响不大，但是提高了学生分析和解决问题的能力和计算机网络应用水平，培养了学生分工协作的团队精神，节约了师资力量。同时，这种教学方式也为教师探索新的教育理念和方
2、法提供帮助。结论：网络环境下的PBL教学在法医学教学中的应用是可行有效的。关键词 PBL教学法；法医学；网络中图分类号DF795.1；R89 文献标识码 A一、前 言基于问题的学习（Problem-Based Learning，PBL）是近年来在国际和国内受到广泛重视的一种教学模式。1969年，美国神经病学教授 Howard Barrows 在麦克马斯特大学医学院（McMaster University Medical School）首创了PBL模式，并将其应用于医学学科的教学当中，很快就被医学教育领域所推崇1。作为一种近年来被国际教育界颇为推崇的学习模式，PBL有其突出的优势，对教师教学与学
3、生学习都产生了重要作用。随着信息技术智能化、信息网络全球化、社会生活信息化，网络技术在极大地改变着我们工作、生活方式的同时，也为教学模式及学习方式的变革提供了新的物质基础。基于网络环境的PBL教学法（WPBL）应运而生，与传统教学方式相比，它打破了时空的局限，为学习者提供了丰富多采、图文并茂的知识库与信息库，为实现探索式、发现式学习创造了有利条件。我们在法医学教学中实施了网络环境下PBL教学法，取得了一些经验，现报告如下。二、对象与方法1.研究对象选取我校2007级和2008级五年制临床医学专业学生，2007年级为对照组，2008年级为实验组，两个年级随机抽取100人。两组学生在教材、学时、教
4、师、考试形式等方面无明显差异。2.研究方法2.1网络环境下PBL 教学前准备工作教师以法医学教学中“生物性检材提取、包装及送检”这一章中的血痕检验为例，通过设计教学目标、培养学生兴趣以及注重问题的实用性及可操作性方面进行课程准备。同时，我们以网络教学管理平台Blackboard作为法医学教学和学生学习的平台，平台的“教学内容”部分除了包括“学习指南”、“学习资料”和“教学课件”外，加入了大量的图片、视频（法医学专业相关的动画视频）。通过不断完善教学平台，确定教师教学实施和学生学习过程中所需的各种软、硬件设备、网络资源（包括建立的PBL学习网站和法医学专业相关的国内外资源网站）和评价方式等。2.
5、2基于网络环境的PBL教学法的实施教师将准备好的教学案例（如重大案例比如辛普森杀妻案、克林顿绯闻案等）和针对相关案例（克林顿的“裤子”、莱温斯基的“裙子”等）的问题在学习前发给学生，问题包括检材的发现（比如血痕）；检材的提取、包装及送检；检材的实验室检查；检材的个人识别。选取学生感兴趣的几个问题进行提问，通过学生自主学习和学生间或者学生和教师间的网络交流，启发和引导学生进行学习。经过一段时间的学习和讨论以后，以小组为单位收集信息，以口头汇报和书面报告的形式提交解决问题的方案。2.3网络环境下PBL 教学总结首先，由学生对自己的学习结果和整个学习过程做自我评价，确认在知识、小组协作方面有哪些收益
6、。其次各组提交的方案还要从设计角度、质量和可操作性等方面进行评价。然后，教师要制订出对最终解决方案的评价标准。各组可以写自己的评价报告，这些报告在教师做最终评价时可以作为参考。最后，教师对学生在PBL过程中遇到的问题进行解释、分析，并且和学生一起对本次PBL的学习成果以及在问题解决过程中学生的表现进行评价。3. 结果评估本研究结果采用学生考核成绩和问卷调查作为评估指标。所得资料采用SSCP13.0统计软件分析处理,等级资料比较用秩和检验, 双侧检验P0.05) ,见表1；问卷调查显示91.5 % 的学生喜欢基于网络的 PBL 教学方法，89.6 % 认为该教学法提高了自学、协作和实践能力，所有
7、学生均认为网络教学中案例的讨论（包括图片和视频）提高了他们对法医学的兴趣。 表1 两组学生考试成绩比较分 组人数05960697079808990100对照组1003834523实验组1002442484P0.9232.教师评价对基于网络的 PBL的教学模式满意度调查结果表明有83.3%的教师认为基于网络环境的PBL教学法有助于提高学生学生的学习兴趣和实践能力。同时，基于网络的 PBL的教学模式对于教师也是一种挑战，要求教师不仅应具有本学科及相关学科知识，还要具有良好的组织能力、课堂控制能力和网络技术应用能力等。四、讨论法医学是一门实践性很强的学科，它是研究涉及法律有关的伤、残、病、死及死后变
8、化发生发展规律的一门学科。应用该学科的理论、技术及相关的刑事科学技术等，对暴力性案件中死亡者的尸体进行检验，全面分析得出科学结论，为法律的实施提供客观、公正、科学、准确的医学证据2。对于非法医专业的临床学生来说，法医学教学存在的主要问题是学生学习的时间短，只有36学时，理论与实践严重脱节。随着人们法律意识的提高，医患关系紧张成为大家关注的一个重要社会问题。这就要求医学院校临床专业的学生增强自身防范意识，提高诊断治疗水平3。而法医学作为一门理论和实践的桥梁学科，对提高临床医学专业学生诊疗水平有重要意义。WPBL 教学法比较充分地体现了现代学习理论，代表了一种新的教育理念。是一种采用案例为先导，问
9、题为基础，学生为主体的新型教学模式。WPBL教学法打破了时空的局限，把教师的教与学生的学有机的结合起来，借助网络实现一对多、多对多的交流，大幅提高教师的辅导效率。我们在法医学教学中尝试采用基于网络环境的PBL教学法，调查问卷结果表明此种教学模式的教学效果令人满意。学生的考试成绩结果比较没有明显差异，可能是由于样本数量少造成样本总体代表性差，需要进一步加大样本量进行统计分析。WPBL 教学法在传统的PBL教学法基础上，利用网络资源中丰富的图片和视频，将文字所不能完全表达的内容用图片生动、形象地展示给学生，使复杂的医学知识变得更生动、直观、形象，法医学理论的学习不再枯燥难懂，使实践教学形式活泼，极
10、大地提高了学生学习积极性。同时又提高了学生计算机网络应用水平，培养了团队精神，提高了课堂教学效果，节约了师资力量及其他教学资源, 表明改革法医学教学模式的必要性4。总之, 法医学教学的责任与意义重大。PBL教学模式相对于传统讲授教学法具有不可替代的优越性，可以很好地激发学生的学习兴趣，提高学生计算机网络应用水平，培养学生的自学能力及人际交往能力，增强学生团队协作精神。但是PBL教学法在法医学教学工作中的应用还存在许多问题与不足，因此, 做好法医学PBL教学工作还需要我们全体法医学教育工作者的共同努力。参考文献1Hanafi Atan, Fauziah Sulaiman, Rozhan M Id
11、rus. The effectiveness of problem-based learning in the web-based environment for the delivery of an undergraduate physics courseJ. International Education Journal, 2005, 6(4), 430-437.2王保捷.法医学.北京:人民出版社.2008.3唐晋，牛秀兰.法医在医疗纠纷鉴定中的地位和作用J.中国司法鉴定，2004, S1:23-25.4杜庆伟.基于网络的PBL教学法在诊断学实践技能教学中的应用研究J.中国高等医学教育，2
12、009（10）:34-35.作者简介张明阳，男，博士在读，讲师，研究方向：主要从事法医学教学、科研及鉴定相关工作基金项目江苏省高校优势学科建设工程资助项目PAPD（2011）；南通大学教学研究课题资助（2011B74）；南通大学医学院教学研究课题资助（Y2010-11）Application of PBL to forensic medicine teaching in Web-based environmentZHANG Ming-yang1, XU Dong-dong2 , Wang Dong-lin1, Han Xin-hua1，Gu Zhen-yong1(1.Dept of Foren
13、sic Medicine, Nantong University,Nantong,226000,China；2.Dept of Forensic Science,North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 640073,China)Abstract: The paper discusses the application of problem - based learning (PBL) with web-based learning environment in forensic medicine teaching. The effectiveness
14、was evaluated by comparing the performances and the perceptions of the sample students (n=100) using the web-based PBL and comparing the outcomes with those of the traditional teaching methods. The results revealed that the experimental web-based PBL approach yielded no difference in performances be
15、tween two groups. Where perceptions were concerned, the analysis revealed that students exposed to the web-based PBL approach responded more positively with their knowledge enhancement compared to students exposed to the traditional approach. PBL with web - based learning environment is well worth a
16、pplying to forensic medcine teaching.Key Words: PBL teaching; forensic medicine; webEditors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I wi
17、ll always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events
18、were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and
19、space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the cha
20、nce to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky
21、to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into unchar
22、ted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our
23、atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (cap
24、sule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be v
25、ery calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.8
26、5 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet
27、 (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard.
28、Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds.
29、Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not
30、 needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses co
31、nsciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
