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1、本科毕业论文哈姆雷特戏剧中的悲剧因素学生姓名： 学生学号： 200320207118 院（系）： 外国语学院 年级专业： 2003级英语本科2班 指导教师： 二七年五月The Tragedy Aspects in HamletZhang TianyanUnder the Supervision ofChen ShunjiangSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2007ContentsAbstract.IKey Words.I摘要.II关键词.IIIntroduction.1I. The General
2、 Introduction of the Story.2II. Three Simultaneous Plots of Revenge .2 A. Laertess Simple Idea to Revenge.3 B. Fortinblass Abandonment to Revenge.4 C. Hamlets Hesitation to Revenge.4III. The Tragedy of Characters.5 A. The Tragedy of Hamlet.5 1. Three Stages of Hamlets Tragedy.5 2. Hamlets Death.6 B.
3、 The Tragedy of Claudius.6 C. The Tragedy of Ophelia.9IV. The Failure of Humanism.9 A. The conflict between Humanism and Reality.9 B. The Failure of Hamlets Task.11 Conclusion.12Acknowledgements.13Bibliography.14AbstractAs one of Shakespeares the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable
4、one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeares play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet
5、from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character,
6、 each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the
7、 humanists hardship for their dreams to come true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms humans value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his
8、 dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists.Key WordsTragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throne摘要哈姆雷特是莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大
9、悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析哈姆雷特戏剧中的悲剧色彩。透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。从而决定了他们最终的归宿。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。作为文艺复兴的核心，人
10、文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。作为时代的缩影，哈姆雷特揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。关键词人物悲情；矛盾冲突；人文主义；情节悲剧；王权斗争 IntroductionIt is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a princes reve
11、nge for his fathers death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. There are three simultaneous plots of r
12、evenge, from which, the tragedy of characters is described more complicated. There is also some description of characters: Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society; Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model characte
13、r of double-dealer. He is dissolute, insidious and sham. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do; Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and tenderness, she became the
14、 tool which her father used to pleasant the King.As one of the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is full of tragedy aspects: it described a disordered world, and also a world with strong self-consciousness, which reflected the modern main parts uncertainness and complication in the period of Renaissance
15、. In such a special time, there are all the kinds of formation: Claudiuss schemes to seize the state power; the ethics between the ghost and his son; the sincere feelings between Hamlet and Ophelia; friendships forsaking with old classmates; simultaneous revenge action; the failure of humanism, and
16、so on. With all the formation organized, it forms Hamlets special artistic charm and literal achievement, which reveal human-being the tragedy aspects of Hamlet incisively and vividly.I. The General Introduction of the StoryIt is a story of a princes revenge for his fathers death in Denmark. The Kin
17、g of Denmark died, young prince Hamlet who was making further education abroad came back to his country. Out of his imagination, his mother married his uncle Claudius just after the old Kings death. A ghost who looked like the old King emerged one night, and told Hamlet that it was Claudius who kill
18、ed him, so Hamlet vowed to revenge. He began to pretend to be mad, and left his lover Ophelia. To spy upon the reflection of Claudius, Hamlet arranged a play which was drawn by him. Claudius realized it, he sent Hamlet to England, and asked the man who kept watch on Hamlet to give letter to the king
19、 of England to have Hamlet died. But Claudius failed; Hamlet came back to his country again. Meanwhile Ophelia was drawn because of her fathers death and her lover Hamlets drifting apart of her. Her brother Leartes was very angry; he asked to fight with Hamlet. Then Claudius arranged a sword match f
20、or them, in which Hamlet was killed by the poison sword, Laertes was wounded to die. The Queen (Hamlets mother) died from the poison wine which was prepared for Hamlet by Claudius. Before death, Laertes told the truth. Finally Hamlet killed Claudius with the cost of his life.II. Three Simultaneous P
21、lots of RevengeIn Hamlet, there are three simultaneous plots of revenge, which give more details to help us learn the tragedy aspects in it. There are three characters: Hamlet, Laertes andFortinbius,all of whose father are killed. Based on the concept of the time, all the three persons should reveng
22、e for their relatives. As the same task, because of their own character and outlook of life, there are three different ways. Of the three persons, thereare two groups of comparison: Laertes and Hamlet are both comparatively young men in a court dominated by the Middle Aged; both are described as bei
23、ng popular with the people in Denmark; their common love for Ophelia units them thematically in the fourth act; and the ensuing swordfight which result in both their death makes clear the extent to which they are each others opposites; both give themselves the task of revenging the death of a relati
24、ve; both are spied on by their parents. Young Fortinblas, who has a few similarities to Hamlet: he too is the nephew of a King; he too is any enemy of Claudius; he too is seeking some sort of vengeance following the death of his father.A. Laertess Simple Idea to RevengeOf Laertess idea to revenge, i
25、t can be described as “simple”. He is noble and dignified in his appearance, while in fact there is nothing in is mind. He is impulsive, narrow minded. Though he realizes his error and reveals the evil plot of the King, he loses his life. As he learns the news that his father Polonius was killed, wi
26、thout asking anyone about the reason, hurriedly he comes back to Denmark and arouses the asses to action. Thinking that the King is the sinner of his fathers death, Laretes leads his masses rush into the court and fight with Claudius. We see Laretes does like that, but in fact, he does not love his
27、father at all. He laughs at his fathers weakness, hates that his father asks someone to keep watch on him. For the reason of his fathers death, he has no interest. Suppose Laertes is willing to learn the reason, he would know that the death of Polonius is caused by himself, for he is so positive to
28、interfere the conflict between Hamlet and the King. Whats more, he supports the King. Hamlet is meaningless to kill Polonius, to which Laertes dose not care about, so he decides to revenge without any doubt. He understands the moral from the point of formalism, according to which he takes action. Hi
29、s principle is measure for measure. What Laertes revenges for is the reputation of his relevant and his family. In the face of such requirement, even the Kings order, it should be delayed. Besides, what Laertes revenges for is his ambitions. When he leads his masses to kill the King, he advocates th
30、em support him as the King. It is available that Laertess revenge is divorced from the essence, he has ulterior motives.BFortinblass Abandonment to RevengeFortinblas gives up to revenge. In this drama we do not see the Norway prince somany times. Just because of his uncles several words, he abandons
31、 to revenge for his fathers death. When the Denmark is frightened to wait for Fortinblass attack for his fathers death and the lost land, Fortinblas attacks Poland. No matter what causes Fortinblas to give up revenge, we can regard that his father once provoked to his enemy (the King of Denmark) and
32、 gave no choice to him. If the King of Denmark did not kill Fortinblass father, the person who would be in death now is himself. Fortinblas realizes that he has no ability to fight with Denmark, so he gives up. But what if he is willing to try his best? He abandons absolutely.Leartes and Fortinblas
33、have their own attitude on revenge. One is to obey the requirement of revenge without any conditions, and the other one is to give upabsolutely. Either of them takes hasty action, and also lacks consideration.C. Hamlets Hesitation to RevengeSince the ghost of Hamlets father tells Hamlet the truth of
34、 his death, the task to revenge is engraved on Hamlets mind deeply, he vows to revenge. He loves his father so sincerely and deeply. In his mind, his father symbolizes the top of human virtue. What a base action to keep his father in death! Compared with Leartes and Fortinblas, his motive for reveng
35、e is stimulated by his love to his father. While it takes along time for him to complete his task, why? There are three main stages:First of all, he puts off all his action until he has positive proof of Claudiuss guilty, during his process, Hamlet arranges a play to spy upon Claudiuss response to p
36、rove the truth of the ghosts words. Secondly, he passes up the opportunity to stab Claudius in the back preferring to wait for chance to kill him in a way more fitting. Because of the religion and superstitious belief, killing the enemy who is repenting is to send the evil person to the heaven. It m
37、eans that he returns good for evil. Thirdly, however, he gets side-tracked. Forced into confrontation with his mother, he kills the eavesdropping Polonius, thinking that it is Claudius he is stabbing. The fact that Hamlet misfires Polonius has two main effects: it makes Hamlets own homicidal campaig
38、n lose energy-as if some sort of blood lust had been sated. It also forces Hamlet finally out into the open. Rather than suspects, Hamlet is a threat to Claudius. On the excuse of Poloniuss death, Claudius has opportunity to move against Hamlet, which is sending him off to England to be put in death
39、. III. The Tragedy of CharactersA. The Tragedy of Hamlet1. Three Stages of Hamlets TragedyOf the character of Hamlet in this drama, it is not still, but changeable as the struggles go on. According to the development of the character, Shakespeare shows us the tragedy of Hamlet, which is described in
40、 three stages logically. The first stage is about his happiness time, during which he studies in Wittenberg. In that period, he has wonderful dream on humanism. To him the world is so bright, charming. In his mind, his father is on behalf perfect man. He also believes that the harmonious relationshi
41、p between human would come true sooner or later. The second stage of Hamlet is about his dejection and hesitation. Hamlet is so puzzled by the conflict between humanism idea and the gloom reality. When we firstly see the prince, Hamlet appears as a dejected person. He is shrouded by sadness; he does
42、 not know where to look for happiness of life. When he realizes all the crimes in the court of Denmark, all his wishes of life have been changed. He decides to change the society, but in action he hesitates. The third stage is about his decision to take activities, which is after the play arranged by Hamlet himself. He can not bear the crime of reality any more. In his own words, he would fill his mind with bloody thoughts. Although
