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1、Translation of The Meanings of Inquiry Extended探究翻译中的词义引申摘 要英语词汇和汉语词汇各有各的特征，存在很大差异。因此，在英汉翻译中，为了达到忠实原文的目的，真正实现两种文化的沟通与移植，我们应该了解词义引申的动机和意义，把握好词义引申的范围，并且要对在译语中所选择的词语进行仔细斟酌和揣摩。本文通过实例介绍了英汉翻译中常用的几种词义引申法：辑引申、语用引申、修辞性引申和概念范围的调整。关键词 翻译;词义;词汇ABSTRACTThere exists great differences between English vocabulary an
2、d Chinese vocabulary. As a result, we should understanding word meaning expands the motive and the significance, grasp the scope which the word meaning expands, and take the selected words for translation into careful consideration in order to make the translation be loyal to the original and really
3、 realize the communication and transplant between two cultures. This essay introduces the common methods of extension of word meaning through the actual examples：logical extension, pragmatic extension, rhetorical extension and adjustment of conpect scale.KEY WORDS Translation ;Word meaning;Lexcology
4、;目录中文摘要V英文摘要VIntroductionV1 Expends meaningV1.1 Expands is one of English to Chinese translation commonly used techniquesV1.2 The word meaning expands basis and degreeV2 Word meaning and motivationV2.1 Some general remarks on semantics and meaningV2.2 Relationship between meaning and the objectV2.3
5、Meaning and MotivationV2.31 Phonetic motivationV2.32 Morphological motivationV2.33 Semantic motivation refers to the motivation based on semantic factorsV2.4 Main types of word meaningVI2.41 Grammatical meaning and lexical meaningVI2.42 Denotative meaning and associated meaningVI2.43 connotative mea
6、ningVI2.44 affective meaningVI2.4.5 word meaning and contextVI3 The brief analysis word meaning expands wayVI3.1 Expands is one word meaning secular variation most common way, is also the word meaning interior movement fundamental modeVI4 English vocabulary in motionVI4.1 Changes in meaningVI4.2 Fou
7、r tendencies in semantic changeVI4.3 Extension of meaningVI4.3.1 From specific to generalVI4.3.2 From proper nouns to common nounsVI4.3.3 From concrete to abstractVII4.3.4 From technical terms to general wordsVII4.4 Narrowing of meaningVII4.4.1 From general to specificVII4.4.2 Form abstract to concr
8、eteVII4.4.3 From common nouns to proper nounsVII4.5 Elevation of meaningVII4.6 Degradation of meaningVII4.7 Semantic change from the literal use of words to their f igurative useVII5 The level of implied meaningVII5.1 Logic extendedVII5.2 Extended abstractVII5.3 The specific extendedVII5.4 Pragmatic
9、 extendedVII5.5 Rhetoric extendedVII5.6 Conceptual realm adjustmentVIII6 Grasp the meaning implied should also be notedVIIIConclusionVIIIAcknowledgementVIIIReferenceVIIIIntroductionThe language is the cultural carrier, simultaneously is also the cultural important component. The language is the lang
10、uage of the most active factor, the most sensitive reflection of social life and social thought of the change is the language best reflects the cultural identity of the part. The language environment also rooted in culture habits, it will inevitably be translated translated translated into the cultu
11、re and the culture. Thus, in terms of translation, the translator must understand the different ethnic social and cultural embodied in the discourse of the cultural connotations of words contained in a correct understanding of cultural semantics, the use of appropriate translation methods, such as t
12、he original translation of language and cultural factors and the translation of basic agreed upon, can be used for such literal translation method, the image applied to law, to borrow a similar law; If the original language of cultural factors and the translation does not, etc., can be taken to seek
13、 common ground law, the meaning of the other method, add comments to law, of course, will be translated into different cultures in one language to another language is not easy, but a particular culture, language Habitat in the words translated into similarly reflect the cultural characteristics of t
14、he word is even more difficult, and sometimes inevitable rise to misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the translation of the reader. This requires that the translator should be particularly cautious, careful analysis of implicit in the words behind the semantics of the conflict prone to cultura
15、l factors, depending on the relationship between discourse and logic, from the basic meaning of the term proceeding further extended meaning, choose the more appropriate to Chinese vocabulary to express.1 Expends meaning1.1 Expands is one of English to Chinese translation commonly used techniquesExp
16、ands is one of English to Chinese translation commonly used techniques. English and Chinese formed in the long-term development and the use have been rich in the respective characteristic the rhetoric method, the matching custom and the issue document standard. So-called expands the law, is accordin
17、g to the context inner link, through the sentence in the word or the phrase and even the entire sentences literal sense from outside to inside, carries on expanding which appropriatelies, utilizes some to conform to Chinese custom expression, selects the accurate Chinese words and phrases, expresses
18、 accurately the original text contents essence. Expands 1 may divide into four kinds, they respectively are logic expand, the language with to expand, the rhetoric to expand with the conceptual realm adjustment.1.2 The word meaning expands basis and degreeA number of translation theorists have refer
19、red to the impact of context on word meaning and constraints, and the translation sector, a wisdom that2 there is no context, no sense (No context, no meaning) also expressed this idea. In addition to the context, but in addition there is no other basis.The basis of implied meaning in the context of
20、 its situation, it is a fact. According to the preceding text introduction, our also detectable another basis, that is the translation language performance custom. This is in the Business English translation of to have been derived in the definition of identity, Is defined as follows: According to t
21、he context of the internal relations, by sentence, word or phrase and even the literal meaning of sentence outside to the inside, using a number in line with the performance of Chinese customary law, would accurately convey the substance of the original out. Mentioned here, the internal relations of
22、 context, that is, the semantics of the original logic, which is to determine word meaning, choice, and extended the starting point. Outside to the inside is implied by the literal sense of deep meaning to the process of excavating, and then is used consistent with the performance of Chinese customa
23、ry law, come out of hidden meaning.Although it is said the translator to maintain interaction with the original, but in fact we are simply unable to exert any influence on the original. The original text linguistic environment has indeed provided the basis which the very important word meaning judgm
24、ent, chooses and expands, for the translator understood accurately the original text has provided the premise and the foundation, But the translation basic task is actually completes in the expression, but must complete this task, the translation languages expression custom then becomes the guidepos
25、t and the basis. This view is consistent with the definition of translation Nida, he advocated translation is the recipient of the language used in the meaning and style of the level of replication and the source language information on the closest natural equivalent language. So far, this idea has
26、been translated by many scholars as do all the definition of the most scientific, because it clearly shows that in the end you want to translate what (information, message), also hinted that due to language and culture on the differences between the original and the translation can only be rela Base
27、d on the above three keywords, we can this idea be expressed as three simple propositions:tive to the other (closest), also taking into account the acceptability of the translation (natural). First, the translation is accurate translation of meaning; second, translation should ref Only then does the
28、se three some, particularly the third spot, translates as the Trans-Culture human relations function only then calculates displays, because “expresses some thought with certain words and expressions, namely the view, must conform to the language custom, can accept for the people.”lect the original s
29、tyle; third, asked to comply with the language translation of expression. Translation rules have to be extended degrees, otherwise it might fall into Hu translation of the quagmire of chaos translation. As we all know, every language has its own habits and semantics of the logical expression. To exp
30、ress 3 the same meaning in both languages but in different ways, or expressions of similar meaning also the difference is a very common phenome This is because they have the turn of expression which common is established by usage. Native-speaking interaction using the same language. So long as they
31、have received certain education, has certain culture, only if a side or both sides have both used the dialect patois or to achieve some kind of special human relations effect, or talks nonsense intentionally, generally will not say or writes does not conform to the native language to express the cus
32、tom the words, The translation is a cross-language cross-cultural language exchange activities, there must be two or more languages involved, the same primitive way of expression is often a result of expression of different target language must be extended to certain mea But subject constitution ide
33、ntical The new father wore a proud smile nings. If A new report came in just amoment ago. might to translate is “a new report just sent.” Such mistakes in the beginner is not uncommon among the translation because they are one-sided pursuit of (literally) true, the results can not be asked readers o
34、f Health Zaochu accepted view. From this we can conclude that the general translation of the authentic nature of the reader to accept is the meaning implied by the “degree”.If the reading to flow, and not in conformity with their inherent sense of native language, even if there is no problem on the
35、grammatical structure must also be appropriate retranslation. Of course, general reader and acceptable are very broad concept, the so-called general reader in a number of special circumstances be relied upon to. It is probably in the translation of the introduction of reader-response theory and acce
36、ptance of aesthetic reason repeated attacks from the bar. The best way still have to analyze specific issues.2 Word meaning and motivation2.1 Some general remarks on semantics and meaningSemantics is a major branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning. The term semantics was first used by
37、the French linguist Michael Breal in the 19 century. At that time the term, borrowed from Greek , was not used simply to deal with meaning but with the development and change of mean.Semantics can be 4 divided into several branches , such as his-torical semantics , structural semantics, behavioral s
38、emantics. This book will not , however, concern itself with these areas.Meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and sense.John Lyons, in his book semantics, gives used ten sentences to discuss what meaning is.(1)What is the meaning of sesquipedalian?(2)I did not mean to hurt you
39、.(3)He never says what he means .(4)She rarely means what she says(5)Life without faith has no meaning.(6)What do you mean by the word concept?(7)He means well but hes rather clumsy.(8)Fame and richness mean nothing to the true scholar.(9)Dark clouds mean rain.(10)It was John I meant not Harry .The
40、first sentence may be explained as “ What does sesquipedalian signify .It can not be understood as “what is the significance of sesquipedalian ?,because the former is quite different from the latter in meaning .In the second sentence the word intend may be substituted for the word mean ,that is , I
41、did not intend to hurt you .the third and fourth sentence suggest the posibility of saying one thing and meaning another .In the fifth sentence meaning refers to significance or value .the sixth and seventh sentences may be replaced by “what do you intend to say by the word concept ? ”and “He intend
42、s well but he is rather clumsy .” the senseof mean or significance .we may say “Fame and richness have no meaning for the ture scholar .”Or “fame and richness have no significance for the ture scholar .”In the ninth sentence mean can be replaced by are a sign of .The last one can be considered as “I
43、t was John that I had in mind not Harry .” Or “It was John ,I spoke of ,not Harry ,”From the examples given above it is evident that meanings of to mean and meaning have similarties and differences so that is impossible to say that any one of these mesnings is totally unrelated to the others . there
44、fore meaning is very elusive in the English language and does not seem to be stable , but it depends upon speakers , hearers and context . Why is this so ? It is because this sene of meaning can not be explained or understood except in relation to the notions of intention ,on the one hand ,and signo
45、ficance , on the other hand ,which.relevant to the interpretation of at least some of the other senses of meaning and to mean .We know that sentence meaning is important as well as word meaning . So many linguists have been primarily concerned with sentence meaning and its relation to word meaning .
46、In his book SemanticsF.R.Palmer quotes Bierwischs remark that “a semantic theory must explain such sentences as :(1)His typewriter has bad intentions .(2)My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor .(3)John was looking for the glasses .(4)(a)The needed is too short . (b) The needle is not long enou
47、gh .(5)(a) Many of the students were unable to answer your question . (b) Only a few students grasped your question .(6)(a) How long did Archibald remain in the Monte Carlo ? (b) Archibald remained in Monte Carlo for some time .”From the sentences mentioned above we can see that in recent years some
48、 linguistics have tried to limit semantics to sense relations .These sentences prove that there are a lot of linguistic phenomena we should pay close attention to ,such as anomalousness , contradiction , ambiguity and interdependence of sentences in the language .Concretely speaking ,the first one is an example of an anomaalous sentence .The second is of an ambiguous one . the fourth are synonymous sentences . In the fifth sentence ,the meaning of one sentence follows from the other .In the last the first one implies the second one .2.2 Relationship
