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1、附录A 外文文献The SCM and Vision2一、Principle of MCUSingle-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, internal and external bus system, most will have th
2、e Core. At the same time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip. Also known as sin
3、gle-chip MCU (Microcontroller), because it was first used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, the computer system so that smaller, more
4、easily integrated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the MCU and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways. Early single-chip 8-bit or all of the four. One of th
5、e most successful is INTELs 8031, because the performance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise. Since then in 8031 to develop a single-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series. Based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used until now. As the field of in
6、dustrial control requirements increase in the beginning of a 16-bit single-chip, but not ideal because the price has not been very widely used. After the 90s with the big consumer electronics product development, single-chip technology is a huge improvement. INTEL i960 Series with subsequent ARM in
7、particular, a broad range of applications, quickly replaced by 32-bit single-chip 16-bit single-chip high-end status, and enter the mainstream market. Traditional 8-bit single-chip performance has been the rapid increase in processing power compared to the 80s to raise a few hundred times. At presen
8、t, the high-end 32-bit single-chip frequency over 300MHz, the performance of the mid-90s close on the heels of a special processor, while the ordinary price of the model dropped to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end models, only 10 U.S. dollars. Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system is no l
9、onger only the bare-metal environment in the development and use of a large number of dedicated embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of single-chip microcomputer. In PDAs and cell phones as the core processing of high-end single-chip or even a dedicated direct access to Windows
10、 and Linux operating systems. More than a dedicated single-chip processor suitable for embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of single-chip is the worlds largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will have a s
11、ingle-chip integration. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in the Department are equipped with 1-2 single chip. And personal computers also have a large number of single-chip microcomputer in the workplace. Vehi
12、cles equipped with more than 40 Department of the general single-chip, complex industrial control systems and even single-chip may have hundreds of work at the same time! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other integrated computing, even more than the number of human beings.Hardwave i
13、ntroductionThe 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processo
14、rs sales, the 8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pul
15、se width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a companys entire line of products since it can
16、 perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform. The basic architecture consists of the following features: an eight bit ALU 32 descrete I/O pins (4 groups of 8) which can be individually accessed two 16 bit timer/counters full duplex UART 6 interrupt sources with 2
17、priority levels 128 bytes of on board RAM separate 64K byte address spaces for DATA and CODE memoryOne 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples of the interrup
18、t daisy chain for pending interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system which is using a
19、n 11.059MHz clock, you can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583 instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds).二、etting Started with Visi
20、on2The Keil Software 8051 development tools listed below are programs you use to compile your C code, assemble your assembly source files, link and locate object modules and libraries, create HEX files, and debug your target program.Vision2 for Windows is an Integrated Development Environment that c
21、ombines project management, source code editing, and program debugging in one single, powerful environment.The C51 ANSI Optimizing C Cross Compiler creates relocatable object modules from your C source code.The A51 Macro Assembler creates relocatable object modules from your 8051 assembly source cod
22、e.The BL51 Linker/Locator combines relocatable object modules created by the C51 Compiler and the A51 Assembler into absolute object modules.The LIB51 Library Manager combines object modules into libraries that may be used by the linker.The OH51 Object-HEX Converter creates Intel HEX files from abso
23、lute object modules.The RTX-51 Real-time Operating System simplifies the design of complex, time-critical software projects.Software Development CycleWhen you use the Keil Software tools, the project development cycle is roughly the same as it is for any other software development project. 1. Create
24、 a project, select the target chip from the device database, and configure the tool settings.2. Create source files in C or assembly.3. Build your application with the project manager.4. Correct errors in source files.5. Test the linked application.Vision2 IDEThe Vision2 IDE combines project managem
25、ent, a rich-featured editor with interactive error correction, option setup, make facility, and on-line help. Use Vision2 to create your source files and organize them into a project that defines your target application. Vision2 automatically compiles, assembles, and links your embedded application
26、and provides a single focal point for your development efforts.LIB51 Library ManagerThe LIB51 library manager allows you to create object library from the object files created by the compiler and assembler. Libraries are specially formatted, ordered program collections of object modules that may be
27、used by the linker at a later time. When the linker processes a library, only those object modules in the library that are necessary to create the program are used.BL51 Linker/LocatorThe BL51 linker creates an absolute object module using the object modules extracted from libraries and those created
28、 by the compiler and assembler. An absolute object file or module contains no relocatable code or data. All code and data reside at fixed memory locations. The absolute object file may be used: To program an EPROM or other memory devices, With the Vision2 Debugger for simulation and target debugging
29、, With an in-circuit emulator for the program testing.Vision2 DebuggerThe Vision2 symbolic, source-level debugger is ideally suited for fast, reliable program debugging. The debugger includes a high-speed simulator that let you simulate an entire 8051 system including on-chip peripherals and externa
30、l hardware. The attributes of the chip you use are automatically configured when you select the device from the Device Database.The Vision2 Debugger provides several ways for you to test your programs onreal target hardware: Install the MON51 Target Monitor on your target system and download your pr
31、ogram using the Monitor-51 interface built-in to the Vision2 Debugger. Use the Advanced GDI interface to attach use the Vision2 Debugger front end with your target system.Monitor-51The Vision2 Debugger supports target debugging using Monitor-51. The monitor program resides in the memory of your targ
32、et hardware and communicates with the Vision2 Debugger using the serial port of the 8051 and a COM port of your PC. With Monitor-51, Vision2 lets you perform source-level, symbolic debugging on your target hardware.RTX51 Real-Time Operating SystemThe RTX51 real-time operating system is a multitaskin
33、g kernel for the 8051 microcontroller family. The RTX51 real-time kernel simplifies the system design, programming, and debugging of complex applications where fast reaction to time critical events is essential. The kernel is fully integrated into the C51 Compiler and is easy to use. Task descriptio
34、n tables and operating system consistency are automatically controlled by the BL51 linker/locator.C51 Optimizing C Cross CompilerThe Keil C51 Cross Compiler is an ANSI C Compiler that was writtenspecifically to generate fast, compact code for the 8051 microcontroller family.The C51 Compiler generate
35、s object code that matches the efficiency and speedof assembly programming.Using a high-level language like C has many advantages over assembly languageprogramming: Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required. Rudimentary knowledge of the memory structure of the 8051 CPU is desirable
36、(but not necessary). Details like register allocation and addressing of the various memory types and data types is managed by the compiler. Programs get a formal structure (which is imposed by the C programming language) and can be divided into separate functions. This contributes to source code reu
37、sability as well as better overall application structure. The ability to combine variable selection with specific operations improves program readability. Keywords and operational functions that more nearly resemble the human thought process may be used. Programming and program test time is drastica
38、lly reduced. The C run-time library contains many standard routines such as: formatted output, numeric conversions, and floating-point arithmetic. Existing program parts can be more easily included into new programs because of modular program construction techniques. The language C is a very portabl
39、e language (based on the ANSI standard) that enjoys wide popular support and is easily obtained for most systems.Existing program investments can be quickly adapted to other processors as needed.Code OptimizationsThe C51 Compiler is an aggressive optimizing compiler that takes numerous steps to ensu
40、re that the code generated and output to the object file is the most efficient (smallest and/or fastest) code possible. The compiler analyzes the generated code to produce the most efficient instruction sequences. This ensures that your C program runs as quickly and effectively as possible in the le
41、ast amount of code space. The C51 Compiler provides nine different levels of optimizing. Each increasing level includes the optimizations of levels below it. The following is a list of all optimizations currently performed by the C51 Compiler.General Optimizations Constant Folding: Constant values o
42、ccurring in an expression or address calculation are combined as a single constant. Jump Optimizing: Jumps are inverted or extended to the final target address when the program efficiency is thereby increased. Dead Code Elimination: Code that cannot be reached (dead code) is removed from the program
43、. Register Variables: Automatic variables and function arguments are located in registers whenever possible. No data memory space is reserved for these variables. Parameter Passing Via Registers: A maximum of three function arguments may be passed in registers. Global Common Subexpression Eliminatio
44、n: Identical subexpressions or address calculations that occur multiple times in a function are recognized and calculated only once whenever possible. Common Tail Merging: Common instruction blocks are merged together using jump instructions. Re-use Common Entry Code: Common instruction sequences ar
45、e moved in front of a function to reduce code size.二、 Principle of MCUSingle-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, internal and external bus
46、system, most will have the Core. At the same time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a singl
47、e chip. Also known as single-chip MCU (Microcontroller), because it was first used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, the computer syst
48、em so that smaller, more easily integrated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the MCU and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways. Early single-chip 8-bit or a
49、ll of the four. One of the most successful is INTELs 8031, because the performance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise. Since then in 8031 to develop a single-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series. Based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used until now. As the field of industrial control requirements increase in the beginning of a
