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1、X X X X 毕业论文题目：论影响跨文化交际的主要因素作 者XXX届 别2009届系 别外国语言文学专 业英 语指导教师XXX职 称讲 师完成时间二OO九年六月The Major Factors of Influencing Cross-cultural CommunicationLi ShuxianA thesis submittedtothe Foreign Language Departmentin partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree ofBachelor of Artsin English language an
2、d literatureSupervised byMrs. Huang HuiyaHunan Institute of Science and TechnologyYueyang, HunanJune, 2009AbstractThe economic globalization has become an irreversible historical trend. This thesis starts with an analysis of the definition and importance of cross-cultural communication. Then it disc
3、usses the major factors of influencing cross-cultural communication. By respectively expounding the relationship between language and culture, the relationship between non-verbal communication and culture, pragmatic failures in verbal communication and common approaches of non-verbal communication,
4、it puts forward some suggestions on developing peoples cultural awareness and respecting culture differences and cooperating together. It is hoped that through this detailed analysis, people can improve their ability in cross-cultural communication, and overcome communication barriers.Key Words: cro
5、ss-cultural communication; cultural differences; verbal factors; non-verbal factors 摘 要世界经济全球化的发展趋势已经成为不可抗拒的历史潮流。本论文从研究跨文化交际的定义和重要性出发，而后分析了影响跨文化交际的主要因素。在论文中分别阐明了语言及非语言交际与文化的关系，语言交际中的语用失误，非语言交际的常用方式，并提出培养人们的文化意识及尊重彼此的文化差异，共同合作的建议，以期提高跨文化交际能力，克服交际障碍。关键词: 跨文化交际、文化差异、语言因素、非语言因素ContentsINTRODUCTION11 DEF
6、INITION AND IMPORTANCE OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION11.1 Definition of cross-cultural communication21.2 Importance of cross-cultural communication32 VERBAL FACTORS IN CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION52.1 Definition of verbal communication52.2 Relationship between language and culture62.3 Pragmatic fai
7、lures in verbal communication73 NON-VERBAL FACTORS IN CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION93.1 Definition of non-verbal communication93.2 Relationship between non-verbal communication and culture93.3 Common approaches of non-verbal communication104 SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION124.1
8、 Developing peoples cultural awareness124.2 Respecting culture differences and cooperating together13CONCLUSION15WORKS CITED16ACKNOWLEDGMENTS17IntroductionToday, as the economic globalization continues, cross-cultural communication has become a common social behavior. However, culture differences ca
9、use many unexpected difficulties. People realize that their different cultural backgrounds influence cross-cultural communication by subtle and profound means. These differences usually become rather conspicuous in verbal and non-verbal communication and are likely to cause clashes in the process of
10、 cross-cultural communication. Cui Changliang from Heilongjiang University pointed out in his article of The Verbal and Non-verbal Language in Intercultural Business Communication that in order to carry out cross-cultural communication effectively, we should take proper communicate ways, overcome th
11、e disadvantage factors and make rational use of verbal and non-verbal factors (Cui 127). Larry A. Samovar suggested that people came to realize that culture has a profound effect on communicate. Our awareness of culture and experience decides our knowledge of the world as well as how we communicate
12、in this world (Samovar 3).Only by acknowledging the major factors of influencing cross-cultural communication can people find apt and specific ways to solve problems. People need to try to improve language competence and 展开新汉英大辞典cultural literacy, so that they can enhance cultural exchange and fulfi
13、l the purpose of cross-cultural communication.1 Definition and importance of cross-cultural communication With the global economic integration flood tide, the internationalization of China strengthens day by day. China and other countries are becoming closer and closer in politics, economy and cultu
14、res. It is undoubted that cross-cultural communication will play an important role in this process. So it is necessary for us to study the importance of cross-cultural communication.1.1 Definition of cross-cultural communicationCulture is the foundation of communication. There are more than one hund
15、red definitions of the English word culture offered by researchers from perspectives. The following definitions are just some of the well-known ones. “Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks.” “What really binds men together is their cultureideas and the standards they have in commo
16、n” (qtd. in Xu 40). The reason why so many definitions have been suggested is that culture is complex, multi-dimensional, and all-pervasive. There are also several levels of culture. On the material level culture has an economy that provides a way to produce and exchange material goods in order to s
17、urvive. A material culture provides humans a way to feed, shelter, and clothe themselves. On the social level culture gives humans a way to organize themselves. Social culture involves kinship and family. It also gives societies a work life and political structure. The last level of culture involves
18、 the ideological. It gives a group of people a unique way of thinking about beliefs, values, and ideals. All of these different aspects of culture give humans an understanding of how the world works and how they live and act in their own environment.Communication is the basis of all human contact. I
19、t is difficult to find a single definition of human communication, for example, over twenty years ago, Dance and Larson reviewed the literature on communication and found 126 definitions of communication; since then, countless others have been added to their list (Samovar 22). Two reasons why it is
20、difficult to locate a single definition of communication are the complex nature of communication and the issue of intentionality and unintentionality. Communication is also a two-way process. When you communicate you perceive the other persons responses and react with your own thoughts and feelings.
21、 It is only by paying attention to the other person that you have any idea about what to say or do next. The field of communication focuses on how people use messages to generate meanings within and across various contexts, cultures, channels and media. The field promotes the effective and ethical p
22、ractice of human communication.Cross-cultural communication is communication between members of different cultures. This definition is simple, but the process is complex. Cross-cultural communication involves differing perceptions, attitudes, and interpretation. Even two people from the same culture
23、 can have communication problems. Cross-cultural communication is about how people fromdifferent cultural backgrounds endeavor to communicate. The core of cross-cultural communication is to establish and understand how people from different cultures can communicate with each other. Cross-cultural co
24、mmunication, as many scholarly fields, is a combination of many other fields. These fields include anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication. 1.2 Importance of cross-cultural communicationWith the development of the communications between people from different cultural backgrounds
25、, more and more scholars or laymen have realized the importance of cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural communication, as you might suspect, is not new. Wandering nomads, religious missionaries, and conquering warriors have encountered people differrent from themselves since the beginning of
26、 time. Those meetings were frequently confusing and quite often hostile. In ancient times, the recognition of alien differences lacked accompanying cultural knowledge and often elicited the human propensity to respond malevolently to those differences. This sentiment is still a powerful element in t
27、odays social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is common in todays society to hear that all of the social and economic problems in the United States are caused by immigrants.Despite the persistence of this notion, todays cross-cultural encounters differ from early meetings. They are more abun
28、dant, and because of the interconnectedness of the world, more significant. We can now board a plane and fly anywhere in the world in a matter of hours, and the reality of a global economy makes todays contacts far more commonplace than in any other period of the worlds history. In just a single yea
29、r, 1994 to 1995, multinational companies boosted their international investments 40 % to a record $315 billion. The web linking us together becomes vivid when we see a newspaper headline that tell us “Americans Once Again into AfricaAnd Staying a Lot Longer in Bosnia” (qtd. in Samovar 3). Additional
30、ly, the emergence of the information age has allowed us the opportunity to expand our knowledge so that the recognition of cultural differences need not result in hostile encounters. The above examples emphasize the changes that have taken place throughout the world and at home. Communication is an
31、important mean of expressing yourself because it exists different ways of expression and so different kind of communication depending on the culture you belong to. The way of communicating will not be the same as other countries and it is important to know some values of other cultures and so of oth
32、er ways of communicating for, first of all, avoiding some misunderstandings and then knowing better some aspects of different cultures. That is why cross-cultural communication is an essential exercise to do; a person who come from a certain country does not necessarily get the same ideas about time
33、, death, identity, as an other one from a different country because each person has its own identity . Cross-cultural communication is more important today than in any other period of human history. One major consequence of this trend is that future success in most careers will increasingly depend u
34、pon an individuals ability to communicate effectively and appropriately across cultural boundaries. Cross-cultural communication is not limited to learning other languages, but also includes understanding how cultural patterns and core values impact the communication process, even when everyone is s
35、peaking English. Acquiring the skills necessary to work with both domestic multicultural groups and in international areas is no longer an option but a necessity. Sometimes silence communicates far more than speech. Such things as touching, eye contact, and other kinds of “body language” need to be
36、observed and correctly interpreted because nonverbal communication carries important clues about the message the individual is trying to convey. In this rapidly changing world, where cultures and people circulate and interact at dizzying speeds, those people who know how to communicate effectively a
37、cross cultures, in both personal and professional contexts, will have a crucial advantage over those who do not.2 Verbal factors in cross-cultural communication Verbal factors are considered as one of the major factors of influencing cross-cultural communication. And pragmatic failures are one of th
38、e key factors which influence the success of cross-cultural communication. For the social and cultual diversity, there are typical differences among different languages in pragmatic principles, which will inevitably lead to pragmatic failures and communication breakdowns.2.1 Definition of verbal com
39、municationThe basis of communication is the interaction between people.Verbal communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face.Some of the key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language. Through speaking we try to eliminate this misunderstanding, but s
40、ometimes this is a very hard thing to do. Many problems can arise is speaking and the only way to solve these problems is through experience. Speaking can be looked at in two major areas: interpersonal and public speaking. In interpersonal speaking, etiquette is very important.To be an effective com
41、municator one must speak in a manner that is not offending to the receiver.Some of the major areas of public speaking are speaking to persuade, speaking to inform, and speaking to inspire or motivate. In general, verbal communication means that people communicate with each other by means of language
42、. Through verbal communication, people will learn who they are, and what the world around them is like. Furthermore, verbal communication expresses ones thought and feelings to others, and to satisfy ones emotional and material needs. In humans daily life, communication is something that they do eve
43、ry day. Verbal communication is humans main communicative form, in which language is its communicative tool.As meaning is assigned to words, language develops, which leads to the development of speaking. The actual origin of language is subject to considerable speculation.2. 2 Relationship between l
44、anguage and cultureThe relationship between language and culture is deeply rooted. Language is used to maintain and convey culture and cultural ties. Different ideas stem from using different language within ones culture and the whole intertwining of these relationships start at ones birth. When an
45、infant is born, it is not unlike any other infant born, in fact, quite similar. It is not until the child is exposed to their surroundings that they become individuals in and of their cultural group. This idea, which describes all people as similar at birth, has been around for thousands of years. E
46、veryone is the same both physically and mentally while the interactions among persons or groups vary widely from place to place. Patterns which emerge from these group behaviours and interactions will be approved of, or disapproved of. Behaviours which are acceptable will vary from location to locat
47、ion thus forming the basis of different cultures. One can see that learning a new language involves the learning of a new culture. Language seems to be woven into the very farbic of every human culture, and to such an extent that it is hard to imagine what human culture would be like without languag
48、e.Language is the principal means whereby people conduct their social lives. When it is used in contexts of communication, it is bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways. Firstly, language expresses cultural reality. The words people utter refer to common experience. They express facts, ideas or events that are communicable because they refer to a stock of knowledge about the world that other people share. Words also reflect their authors attitudes and beliefs, their point of view, that are also those of others. Secondly, language embodies cultural reality. Members of a commun
