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1、设计题目：金相试样切割机的设计摘 要金相试样切割机主要用于金相试样的截取和各种材料的下料、切口等，在冶金、汽车、航空航天等制造业中应用极为广泛。20世纪90年代后，金相制样技术发展极为迅速，金相试样切割机作为金相取样设备也取得了很大的进步。本设计通过对金相试样切割机的整体造型、机械结构和控制系统进行了分析，完成了切割机主体结构的设计，控制系统采用了铣床导轨原理，实现了低成本和手动化。最后确定切割机的装配总图。通过此次设计，掌握了相关设计的主要步骤，并对于ProE软件应用方面有了进一步的提高。关键词：金相试样切割机，机械设计，手动控制，控制系统，低成本Metallographic sample
2、cutting machine designAbstractMetallographic sample cutting machine mainly used for the interception of metallographic specimens and cutting material, incision, etc., in the metallurgical, automotive, aerospace and other manufacturing industries in a wide range of applications. After the 20th centur
3、y, 90s, metallographic sample preparation is extremely rapid technological development, metallographic metallographic specimen cutting machine as the sampling equipment has also made great progress. The design of metallographic sample cutting machines overall design, mechanical structure and control
4、 system analysis, completed the main structure of cutting machine design, control system uses the principle of the rail milling machine to achieve a low-cost-based and manual. Cutting machine to finalize the general layout of the assembly. With this design, is in control of the main steps related to
5、 the design and the Pro-E software applications has been further improved.Keywords： Metallographic sample cutting machines, Mechanical design, Manual control, Control systems, Low-cost目 录1 引言12 设计要求13 切割机的总体设计过程23.1 电动机的选择23.1.1 选择电动机类型和结构形式23.1.2 电动机的参数选择23.2 传动机构的设计33.2.1 轴的计算33.2.2 轴的结构设计43.3 控制系
6、统的设计43.3.1夹具的主要结构与使用43.3.2 进给机构的设计54 用Pro/E软件对切割机进行实体造型和装配84.1 切割机各主要零件的实体造型84.2 切割机的装配145 结束语15致谢15参考文献161 引言金属零件的力学性能不仅与它的化学成分有关，也与它的金相组织密切有关。金相检验是控制和评定产品质量不可缺少的重要手段，是科学研究中研究新材料、新工艺和提高金属制品内在质量的重要方法。要进行金相分析，就必须制备能用于微观检验的样品 金相试样。通常，金相试样的制备要经过取样、镶嵌、磨光和抛光几个步骤。每个步骤都应该细心操作，因为任何阶段上的失误都可能影响最后的结果，因为这可能会造成组
7、织假象，从而得出错误的结论。金相试样的制备是通过切割机、镶嵌机、磨抛光机来完成。金相试样的截取是金相试样制备过程中一个重要环节。截取试样的方法有手锯、锯床、砂轮切割机和线切割机等等。根据零件的形状和材料，选择适当的方法来切割。目前砂轮切割机广泛应用于金相试样的截取上，主要原因是其适应性强，树脂砂轮片可切割软的金属零件如铜、铝及合金和硬的金属零件如淬火后的碳钢、高速钢；金刚石切割机可切割超硬材料如硬质合金、陶瓷等。另外其切割速度快、劳动强度低、操作简便和切割成本低。选择可靠性高的金相试样切割机，可以提高制样效率和质量，降低成本，提高经济效益。金相试样切割机主要特点：本切割机的切割砂轮直接固定在与
8、电动机的轴同轴线相连接的轴上，利用导轨的横向和纵向的移动来切割固定在钳口中的试样 电动机固定在底座上，轴套套在电动机的轴上，砂轮片由螺母和轴肩加以固定。加紧装置固定在导轨上滑板，可沿纵向移动的，由手柄的转动来移动钳口把试样夹紧在钳座中，当转动手柄时，就可以进行试样切割了。机器工作时，由罩壳将砂轮片等档住，以防冷却液飞溅和砂轮片碎裂时飞出伤人。2 设计要求金相试样切割机的具体设计要求为：（1）利用Pro/E软件设计（2）确定结构的尺寸（3）绘制相应的零件图、实体图及总装配图3 切割机的总体设计过程根据工件运动和砂轮片运动形式可将金相切割机分为两类，一类为工件运动，砂轮片固定不动的切割机；另一类为
9、工件固定不动，砂轮片运动的切割机。本切割机采用的运动方式是工件运动，砂轮片固定不动的切割模式。3.1 电动机的选择3.1.1 选择电动机类型和结构形式根据已知的电源、工作条件、和功率特点选择电动机的类型和结构形式是：Y2系列三相异步电动机。3.1.2 电动机的参数选择 根据设计任务书，由有关手册查出电动机性能参数如下：表1 电动机性能参数电动机型号额定功率满载转速kwr/minY2-631-40.121370电动机主要外形如图1所示，安装尺寸列于下表2：图1 电动机主要外形和安装尺寸表2 电动机的安装尺寸中心高H外形尺寸LACHD底脚安装尺寸AB底脚螺栓孔直径K轴伸尺寸DE装键部位尺寸FG16
10、0225130180100807112348.53.2 传动机构的设计切割机的切割砂轮直接固定在与电动机的轴同轴线相连接的轴上，根据切割砂轮的规格尺寸设计轴的尺寸并检验。3.2.1 轴的计算 1) 安装切割砂轮的轴与电动机轴直接通过套筒连接，首先都轴进行设计计算。已知轴上的功率P，转速n，求转矩T： P=0.12KW n=1370r/min T=9550P/n =0.84N.M 2) 初步确定轴的最小直径 选取轴的材料为45钢，调质处理。根据有关手册取，于是得dmin=A0=112 =4.97 mm输入轴的最小直径显然是安装切割机砂轮处轴的直径d-,。根据砂轮的规格尺寸，故d- = 10 mm
11、，L- = 8 mm 。3）轴的挠度计算由于轴与电机轴同步转动，选择联轴器。为了方便，联轴器与轴做成一体，长度L = 40 mm ，其中L- = 8 mm ，则L- = 32 mm 。挠度计算公式如下： ymax=Pa2(3L-a)/6EI=19.5mm为了满足切割砂轮的轴向定位要求，-轴段右端需制出一轴肩，而且为了避免电动机的轴向窜动，选择推力球轴承加以轴向固定。根据标准件轴承的内径尺寸，故取-段的直径d-=20mm.轴承类型：51204（GB/T 301-1995） 。 砂轮的轴向固定轮安装在轴上后，左端用轴肩来固定，右端使用螺母。所以轴的-段攻有螺纹，由于要留有砂轮装配空间，故螺纹长度占
12、有6mm。螺母规格：D=M10（GB/T 6174）3.2.2 轴的结构设计图2 轴3.3 控制系统的设计3.3.1夹具的主要结构与使用如图所示,该夹具由手轮、丝杆、丝母、左夹具、右夹具组成。丝母 和左夹具是固定不动的,当旋转手轮时,丝杆依靠螺旋作用前进或后退,用来夹紧或松开工件，丝母在夹紧或松开过程中起导向和支承作用。由此可见这种夹具是依靠非常简单的螺旋运动前进或后退,来实现对工件的夹紧或松开。例如我们驱动夹具压杆前进50mm ,压杆的螺距为5mm ,当手轮旋转一周时压杆前进了5mm。通过计算可知,若要实现压杆前进50mm ,手轮需旋转10圈。图3 夹紧装置关于夹紧力的计算,夹紧力的计算可有
13、下式进行:W = QL/（r1tg1 + r2tg(+2)）式中:Q 手驱动力取Q = 300N;L 手轮半径L = 10mm;r1 压杆端部与工件间的当量摩擦半径, 假设压杆与工件为点接触,则r1 = 0; r2 压杆螺纹中径的一半, r2 = 4.5mm(注:压杆螺纹为10mm) ;1 压杆端部与工件间的摩擦角, tg1 = 01;压杆螺纹升角;= 228;2 压杆螺纹螺旋副的当量摩擦角，2 = 638则夹紧力W1974(N) 。对工件的夹紧力为:W= Wf = 9868 0.7 =1382(N)f 卡爪与压杆之间的摩擦系数由此得出,该夹具已完全可以实现对工件的夹紧(一般砂轮切割机夹具的的
14、夹紧力只需800N1300N) 。3.3.2 进给机构的设计导轨由横向螺杆和纵向螺杆带动，横向螺杆通过导块运动带动导轨横向移动，纵向螺杆通过导块运动带动导轨纵向移动。螺杆一端分别安装有手轮，手轮上刻有刻度，以满足不同的切割要求。导轨为了实现横向和纵向进给，可以把工作台分为上滑板、中滑板、下滑板三部分。导轨的行程为80mm，则滑板尺寸的长、宽为100mm，而高度随情况而定，具体数值见图4、图5、图6。由于横向及纵向螺杆在进给过程中受力很小，强度及其他性能指标均能满足。根据情况选择螺杆直径为12mm，螺距为5mm，当手轮旋转一周时螺杆前进了5mm。手轮直径比螺杆稍大为20mm，上面刻有100个小格
15、，每小格为0.05mm。导块与螺杆装配一起，在螺杆旋转时导块分别引领和带动上滑板或中滑板进行横向或纵向移动。故导块上开有螺纹孔，为了与螺杆配合，孔径为12mm，螺距为5mm。具体位置尺寸见图4、图5。为保证导轨正常工作，导轨滑动表面之间应保持适当的间隙。间隙过小，会增加摩擦阻力；间隙过大，会降低导向精度。导轨的间隙如依靠刮研来保证，工作量很大，而且导轨经过长期使用后，会因磨损而增大间隙，需要及时调整，故导轨应有间隙调整装置。本切割机采用燕尾槽型导轨，需要在水平方向上调整间隙。用螺钉调整镶条位置。具体如下：图4 上滑板图5 中滑板 图6 下滑板图7 进给装置4 用Pro/E软件对切割机进行实体造
16、型和装配4.1 切割机各主要零件的实体造型图8 轴的实体图图9 左夹具实体图图10 右夹具实体图图11 丝杆实体图图12 夹具实体图图13 上滑板实体图图14 中滑板实体图图15 下滑板实体图图16 进给系统实体图4.2 切割机的装配5 结束语在此次设计的过程中，培养了我的综合运用所学知识的能力，分析和解决实际中所遇到问题的能力，并且能巩固和深化我所学的专业知识，使我在调查研究和收集资料等方面有了显著的提高，同时在理解分析能力、制定设计计算和绘图能力方面有较大的进步；另外我的技术分析和组织工作的能力也有一定程度的提高。致谢非常感谢学院领导和老师给我提供了这次良好的深入学习的机会和宽松的学习环境
17、。通过这次毕业设计，不但使我将大学期间所学的专业知识再次回顾学习，而且也使我学到了专业领域中一些前沿的知识。非常感谢在本次设计中曾给予我耐心指导和亲切关怀的老师及帮助过我的同学，正是由于他们的帮助和鼓励才使我能够在毕业设计过程中克服种种困难，最终顺利完成论文，他们的学识和为人也深深地影响着我。在此，请允许我再次向曾直接给予我多次指导的导师表示最忠诚的敬意！同时也感谢百忙之中前来参加答辩的各位老师、专家和教授!参考文献1成大先.机械设计手册.北京：化学工业出版社，2004 2成大先.机械设计手册 第四版.北京：化学工业出版社，2002 3毛谦德,李振清.袖珍机械设计手册 第三版.北京：机械工业出
18、版社，2007 4机械设计实用手册编委会. 机械设计实用手册.北京：机械工业出版社，20085陈立德. 机械设计基础课程设计.北京：高等教育出版社，20066濮良贵，纪名刚.机械设计 第八版.北京：高等教育出版社，20077朱金波.Pro/E 3.0 工业产品设计完全掌握.北京：兵器工业出版社，20078金鑫，陈雪梅，贾长治.Pro/E 3.0中文版机械设计专家指导教程. 北京：机械工业出版社，20079 曹岩.Pro/E 3.0 机械设计实例精解.北京：机械工业出版社，200710朱文坚，黄平，吴昌林.机械设计.北京：机械工业出版社，200511朱龙根.机械设计.北京：机械工业出版社，200
19、612吴克坚，于晓红，钱瑞明.机械设计.北京：高等教育出版社，2003Emloyment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees. You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you
20、 have been dismissed unfairly. For more informu, take advice from one of the organisations listed underFurther help. Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a
21、 claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther help. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seeDismissal. You can make a claim to an employment
22、tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employ
23、ment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i. If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you If you are being represented by a solicitor at the
24、 tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as adamages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.youre clear about the terms of
25、 the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeEmployment tribunals
26、.The (lack of) air up there Watch m Cay man Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked t
27、o meet Ya ya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs
28、 governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be gu
29、ilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something
30、. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子；或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己似乎应该去做点什么，或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些事情，非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多
31、少事情是真正地非做不可？During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years late
32、r, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in t
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34、吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点，但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场，看着他投过篮球的球框时，突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来，这个世界上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。A persons time, your ideas are always special to c
35、lear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, j
36、ust green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一个人的时候，自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很多错过，好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air i
37、s fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, wil
38、l end in our life.此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫；那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸；那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊；还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds les
39、s than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drift
40、ing even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. We often close ourselves off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of lett
41、ing the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to deflect the hurt and pain by pretending it doesnt exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we cant hide from ourselves. We need to learn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world sof
42、ten us.生活发生不幸时，我们常常会关上心门；世界不仅没能慰藉我们，反倒使我们更加消沉。我们假装一切仿佛都不曾发生，以此试图忘却伤痛，可就算隐藏得再好，最终也还是骗不了自己。既然如此，何不尝试打开心门，拥抱生活中的各种可能，让世界感化我们呢？Whenever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we should take a step back and re-evaluate our behavior. The items listed below are six ways you can open
43、your heart more fully and completely.当恐惧与焦虑来袭时，我们应该退后一步，重新反思自己的言行。下面六个方法有助于你更完满透彻地敞开心扉。Whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. When the sadness strikes, take a deep breath and lean into it. When we run away from sadness
44、thats unfolding in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. We take an emotion thats fleeting and make it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us.当生活中出现痛苦的事情时，别再逃跑或隐藏痛苦，试着拥抱它吧；当悲伤来袭时，试着深呼吸，然后直面它。如果我们一味逃避生活中的悲伤，悲伤只会变得更强烈更真实悲伤原本只是稍纵即逝的情绪，我们却固执地耿耿于怀By utilizing our breath we soften
45、 our experiences. If we dam them up, our lives will stagnate, but when we keep them flowing, we allow more newness and greater experiences to blossom.深呼吸能减缓我们的感受。屏住呼吸，生活停滞；呼出呼吸，更多新奇与经历又将拉开序幕。2. Embrace the uncomfortable We all know what that twinge of anxiety feels like. We know how fear feels in ou
46、r bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. We can practice leaning into these feelings of discomfort and let them show us where we need to go.我们都经历过焦灼的煎熬感，也都感受过恐惧造成的生理反应：脖子僵硬、胃酸翻腾。其实，我们有能力面对这些痛苦的感受，从中领悟到出路。The initial impulse is to run away to try and suppress these feelings by not acknowledging them. When we do this, we close ourselves off to the parts of our lives that we need to experience most. The next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do yourself a favor and lean into the feeling. Act in spite of the fear.我们的第一反应总是逃避以为否认不安情绪的存在就能万事大吉，可
