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1、基于PLC技术的矿井提升机电控系统叶予光，梁南丁（平顶山工业职业技术学院，河南 平顶山 467001）摘要：介绍了PLC技术在我国矿井提升机电控系统中的应用。关键词：PLC技术；矿井提升机；电控系统中图分类号：TD63+3 文献标识码：AElectric control system of mine hoister based on PLC technologyLiang Nan-ding，Ye Yu-guang （Pingdingsan Industrial College of technology，Pingdingsan，Henan，467001）Abstract：The PLC tec
2、hnology and its application in the electrnic control system of mine hoist of our country were introduced.Key words：PLC technology；Minewell elevator；Electronic-control system引言矿井提升机是矿山生产的至关重要的大型设备，对矿井的生产及安全起着非常重要的作用，有着重要的国民经济意义。由于提升机的生产工艺要求比较高，所以它的电气传动及电气控制装置一直是各国电气传动界的一个重要研究领域。在我国，改革开放以来矿井提升机电控系统的研究
3、、设计、制造和使用上都取得了长足的进步。在80年代以前，绝大多数矿井提升机采用绕线式异步电动机转子回路串电阻的交流调速系统，而少数则采用发电机电动机直流调速系统（GM系统）。90年代以来投产的中、大型矿井的提升机多数采用磁场换向的晶闸管直流可逆调速系统（VM系统），也有少数矿井采用代表当前先进水平的交交变频的现代交流调速系统。 目前我国正在服务的大多数矿井提升机电控系统主要是转子回路串电阻的交流调速系统与GM直流调速系统，VM可逆调速系统目前已经广泛使用，如：交交变频的交流调速系统、全数字交、直流调速系统等，但目前这些系统主要用于新建矿井。从我国矿井提升机电控系统的现状来看，80%以上的矿井提
4、升机仍采用继电器接触器控制，通过改变转子回路串联的附加电阻来实现调速。这种调速方式是有级调速，调速时能耗很大，属转子功率消耗型调速方案。在加速阶段和低速运行时，大部分能量（转差能量）以热能的形式消耗掉了，因此电控系统的运行效率较低。同时，这种调速方案为了在低同步状态下产生制动转矩，需采用直流能耗制动方案（即动力制动）、或采用低频制动。但无论采用何种方式，总需要设置辅助电源和定子绕组的二次切换操作。虽然这种方案存在着调速性能差、运行效率低、运行状态的切换死区大及调速不平滑等缺点。但目前在我国的各种矿山中，这种方案使用得仍相当普遍，将面临着技术改造的问题。从目前各种不同的技术改造方案的比较看，采用
5、PLC技术与传统的继电器接触器控制系统相结合的方案是一条符合我国国情的提升机电控系统改造的优选方案。这种基于PLC技术的电控系统在我国90年代已有不少的产品通过工业运行，都取得了较好的运行效果，如：洛阳中信重机自动化工程有限责任公司选用Siemens公司的S7系列PLC研制开发生产的矿井提升机PLC电控系统；天津电气控制设备厂研制开发生产的采用美国通用电器公司GE-9030系列PLC的TKDPC系列和TKMPC系列矿井提升机成套电控系统；焦作华飞电子电器工业有限公司研制开发生产的选用日本立石公司C60P系列PLC的JTDKPC矿井提升机成套电控系统等；这些采用PLC技术的新型电控系统都已较成功
6、的应用于矿井提升实践，并取得了较好的运行经验，克服了传统电控系统的缺陷，代表着交流矿井提升机电控技术发展的趋势。1 JTDKPC系列电控系统在平煤集团矿井生产中的应用。平煤集团在建设高产高效矿井过程中非常重视矿井提升机电控系统改造工作，从2001年开始，先后引进JTDKPC系列电控系统6套。从运行情况看，改造后的电控系统与传统的电控系统相比具有如下特点：系统具有更完善的软硬件保护环节；提升操作系统能够实现调绳、手动、半自动、全自动运行；除常规的保护外，还具有深度指示器断轴（断线）保护、减速点后备保护、错向保护、给定方向记忆保护、二级制动解除保护、减速段超速保护、自动换向等功能；安全回路由PLC
7、内部和外部AC回路串联实现冗余；制动电源装置能实现脚踏制动、速度及电流闭环、满足各种载荷所需的制动力矩；系统能实现提升机全运行过程的自动监控，对提升机运行过程中的参数及可能危及提升机正常运行的设备进行监测，并具有故障显示、报警功能；具有和上位机通讯的接口，实现远程诊断和数据采集功能等。电控系统结构简单、应用灵活、编程方便、运行稳定可靠，大大提高了提升机的安全运行，减少维护工作量，缩短了提升时间，提高了生产效率。1.1 控制系统结构本系统采用日本立石公司的C60PCDR可编程序控制器主机及C60PEDR可编程序控制器扩展机。C60PCDR可编程序控制器具有输入、输出容量60点，数字量输入、输出8
8、路，内存4K。可以完成提升系统的各种工作要求。矿井提升机电控系统PLC的输入信号有63个，输出有52个。是根据TKD系统的工作过程，结合现场实际情况用编程的方法解决各项控制和保护功能之间的逻辑关系的。各外设控制开关或传感器作为输入信号，接到PLC机的输入端子，这些信号的工作状态被PLC机调用，经逻辑、时序、微分、比较、计数等手段处理后，PLC相应的输出继电器，控制继电器、加速接触器、高压换向器、制动回路、信号回路等外部被控对象动作，完成提升机的加速、等速、减速、爬行、制动、停车、保护、信号、显示等工作过程。控制系统结构主要由主控柜、加速接触器柜、操作台 、高压换向柜、制动电源柜等组成。各部分相
9、互关系如下图 1 所示： 1.2 系统软件提升机电控系统对提升容器进行加速、等速、减速、爬行、保护等运行控制。根据工艺要求，其控制过程如下：当系统加电后，PLC首先检查各保护环节是否正常及输入信号状态，如果正常则解除安全制动；否则，不允许开车。其次，当井下发出提升信号时，提升机按照预定程序进行：起动加速，以电流为主时间为辅原则进行转子电阻的切除控制；等速运行，控制系统无任何切换；减速阶段，投入低频（或动力）制动电源，以速度原则进行控制；低速爬行，自然过渡到正力运行；停车卸载。在全运行过程中，PLC根据电流、时间、速度、位置等给定信号与实际信号进行比较、运算和监测，发出控制信号。该控制过程可通过
10、梯形图实现（图略）。2 结束语 由实际工业运行情况看，用PLC技术对矿井提升机电控系统进行改造后，不但可以加强系统的控制功能，加强系统对故障的判别和处理能力，而且也大大的提高了系统的可靠性和安全性；改造后的系统，维护工作量比原系统减少了40%，耗电量减少了2030%，节能效果显著。从系统的应用情况看仍存在一些需进一步完善的问题如：网络通信功能和先进控制技术及策略如智能控制等，在现有PLC技术的基础上进一步进行功能扩充，将会进一步提高我国矿井提升电控系统的现代化水平。Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and pho
11、tographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds f
12、irst satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbrok
13、en. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space ca
14、psule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there .Watch man jump from 96,000 fe
15、et Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for
16、 me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not st
17、op me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia a
18、lmost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The
19、 supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through t
20、he lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he
21、crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto some
22、thing resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into th
23、e shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop hi
24、m completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to
25、 deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to p
26、ass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
