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1、 HefeiUniversity 题目: 先进制造技术 系别： 机械工程系 专业： 机械设计制造及自动化 学制： 四年 姓名： 朱浩 学号： 1306013004 导师： 乔扬 2017年1月9日智能制造 摘要：介绍了智能制造提出的背景、主要研究内容和目标,人工智能与IMT、IM的关系,IMS和CIMS,智能制造的物质基础及理论基础,智能制造系统的特征及框架结构,并简要介绍了智能加工中心IMC,智能制造技木的发展趋势，以及智能制造系统研究成果及存在问题。关键词：智能制造，IMS,IMC,IMT。1. 主要研究内容和目标 智能制造在国际上尚无公认的定义。目前比较通行的一种定义是, 智能制造技术是
2、指在制造工业的各个环节,以一种高度柔性与高度集成的方式,通过计算机来模拟人类专家的制造智能活动。因此,智能制造的研究开发对象是整个机械制造企业,其主要研究开发目标有二:整个制造工作的全面智能化,它在实际制造系统中首次提出了以机器智能取代人的部脑力劳动作为主要目标,，强调整个企业生产经营过程大范围的自组织能力;信息和制造智能的集成与共享,强调智能型的集成自动化。目前,IMT和IMS的研究方向已从最初的人工智能在制造领域中的应用发展到今天IMS,研究课题涉及的范围由最初仅一个企业内的市场分析、产品设计、生产计划、制造加工、过程控制、信息管理、设备维护等技术型环节的自动化,发展到今天的面向世界范围内
3、的整个制造环境的集成化与自组织能力,包括制造智能处理技术、自组织加工单元、自组织机器人、智能生产管理信息系统、多级竞争式控制网络、全球通讯与操作网等。2.人工智能与IMT， IMS 人工智能的研究一开始就未能摆脱制造机器生物的思想,即“机器智能化”。这种以“自主”系统为目标的研究路线,严重地阻碍了人工智能研究的进展。许多学者已意识到这一点、钱学森从计算机角度出发,提出了人与计算机相结合的智能系统概念。目前国外对多媒体及虚拟技术研究进行大量投资,以及日本第五代智能 计算机研制计划的搁浅等事例, 就是智能系统研究目标有所改变的明证。人工智能技术在机械制造领域中的应用涉及市场分析、 产品设计、生产规
4、划、过程控制、质量管理、材料处理、设备维护等诸方面。结果是开发出了种类繁多的面向特定领域的独立的专家系统、基于知识的系统或智能辅助系统,形成一系列的“智能化孤岛”。随着研究与应用的深入,人们逐渐认识到, 未来的制造自动化应是高度集成化与智能化的人机系统的有机融合, 制造自动化程度的进一步提高要依赖于整个制造系统的自组织能力。如何提高这些“孤岛”的应用范围和在实际制造环境中处理问题的能力, 成为人们的研究焦点。在80 年代末和90年代初,一种通过集成制造自动化、新一代人工智能、计算机等科学技术而发展起来的新型制造工程 IMT和新代制造系统 IMS 便脱颖而出。人工智能在制造领域中的应用与 IMT
5、 和IMS 的一个重要区别在于, IMS 和 IMT 首次以部分取代制造中人的脑力劳动为研究目标, 而不再仅起“辅助和支持”作用,在一定范围还需要能独立地适应周围环境, 开展工作。四IMS和CIMS发展的道路不是一帆风顺的。今天,CIMS的发展遇到了不可逾越的障碍,可能是刚开始时就对CIMS提出了过高的要求,也可能是CIMS本身就存在某种与生俱来的缺陷,今天的CIMS在国际上已不像几年前那样受到极大的关注与广泛地研究。从CIMS的发展来看,众多研究者把重点放在计算机集成上,从科学技术的现状看,要完成这样一个集成系统是很困难的。CIMS作为一种连接生产线中的单个自动化子系统的策略,是一种提高制造
6、效率的技术。它的技术基础具有集中式结构的递阶信息网络。尽管在这个递阶体系中有多个执行层次,但主要控制设施仍然是中心计算机。CIMS存在的一个主要问题是用于异种环境必须互连时的复杂性。在CIMS概念下,手工操作要与高度自动化或半自动化操作集成起来是非常困难和昂贵的。在CIMS深入发展和推广应用的今天,人们已经逐渐认识到,要想让CIMS真正发挥效益和大面积推广应用,有两大问题需要解决:人在系统中的作用和地位;在不作很大投资对现有设施进行技术改造的情况下亦能应用CIMS。现有的CIMS概念是解决不了这两个难题的。今天,人力和自动化是一对技术矛盾,不能集成在一起,所能做的选择,或是昂贵的全自动化生产线
7、, 或是手工操作,而缺乏的是人力和制造设备之间的相容性,人机工程只是一个方面的考虑,更重要的相容性考虑要体现在竞争、技能和决策能力上。人在制造中的作用需要被重新定义和加以重视。3智能制造的物质基础及理论基础3.1.智能制造系统的物质基础主要有：(1)数控机床和加工中心美国于1952年研制成功第一台数控铣床,使机械制造业发生一次技术革命。数控机床和加工中心是柔性制造的核心单元技术。(2)计算机辅助设计与制造提高了产品的质量和缩短产品生产周期,改变了传统用手工绘图、依靠图纸组织整个生产过程的技木管理模式。(3)工业控制技术、微电子技术与机械工业的结合机器人开创了工业生产的新局面,使生产结构发生重大
8、变化,使制造过程更富于柔性扩展了人类工作范围。(4)制造系统为智能化开发了面向制造过程中特定环节、特定问题的“智能化孤岛”,如专家系统、基干知识的系统和智能辅助系统等。(5)智能制造系统和计算机集成制造系统用计算机一体化控制生产系统,使生产从概念、设计到制造联成一体,做到直接面向市场进行生产,可以从事大小规模并举的多样化的生产;近年来,制造技术有了长足的发展和进步,也带来了很多新问题。数控机床、自动物料系统、计算机控制系统、=机器人等在工业公司得到了广泛的应用,越来越多的公司使用了“计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)”、“柔性制造系统(FMS)”、“工厂自动化(FA)”、“多目标智能计算机辅助设计
9、(M1CAD)”、“模块化制造与工厂(MXMF)、并行工程(CE)”、“智能控制系统(ICS)”以及“智能制造(IM)”、“智能制造技术(IMT)”和“智能制造系统(IMS)”等等新术语。先进的计算机技术、控制技术和制造技术向产品、工艺和系统的设计师和管理人员提出了新的挑战,传统的设计和管理方法不能再有效地解决现代制造系统提出的问题了。要解决这些问题、需要用现代的工具和方法,例如人工智能(AI)就为解决复杂的工业问题提出了一套最适宜的工具。3.2.智能制造技术的理论基础智能制造技术是采用一种全新的制造概念和实现模式。其核心特征强调整个制造系统的整体“智能化”或“自组织能力”与个体的“自主性”。
10、“智能制造国际合作研究计划JIRPIMS”明确提出:“智能制造系统是一种在整个制造过程中贯穿智能活动,并将这种智能活动与智能机器有机融合,将整个制造过程从订货、产品设计、生产到市场销售等各个环节以柔性方式集成起来的能发挥最大生产力的先进生产系统“。基于这个观点,在智能制造的基础理论研究中, 提出了智能制造系统及其环境的一种实现模式,这种模式给制造过程及系统的描述、建模和仿真研究赋予了全新的思想和内容,涉及制造过程和系统的计划、管理、组织及运行各个环节,体现在制造系统中制造智能知识的获取和运用,系统的智能调度等,亦即对制造系统内的物质流、信息流、功能决策能力和控制能力提出明确要求。作为智能制造技
11、术基础,各种人工智能工具,及人工智能技术研究成果在制造业中的广泛应用,促进了智能制造技术的发展。而智能制造系统中,智能调度、智能信息处理与智能机器的有机融合而构成的复杂智能系统,主要体现在以智能加工中心为核心的智能加工系统的智能单元上。作为智能单元的神经中枢智能数控系统,不仅需要对系统内部中各种不确定的因素如噪声测量、传动间隙、摩擦、外界干扰、系统内各种模型的非线性及非预见性事件实施智能控制,而且要对制造系统的各种命令请求做出智能反应。这种功能已远非传统的数控系统体系结构所能胜任,这是一个具有挑战性的新课题。对此有待研究解决的问题有很多,其中包括智能制造机理、智能制造信息、制造智能和制造中的计
12、算几何等。总之,制造技术发展到今天,已经由一种技术发展成为包括系统论、信息论和控制论为核心的、贯穿在整个制造过程各个环节的一门新型的工程学科,即制造科学。制造系统集成与调度的关键是信息的传递与交换。从信息与控制的观点来看,智能制造系统是一个信息处理系统,由输入、处理、输出和反馈等部分组成。输入有物质(原料、设备、资金、人员)、能量与信息;输出有产品与服务;处理包括物料的处理与信息处理;反馈有产品品质回馈与顾客反馈。制造过程实质上是信息资源的采集、输入、加工处理和输出的过程,而最终形成的产品可视为信息的物质表现形式。4结语制造业是国家经济和综合国力的基础,被称为“立国之本”。而我国的制造工业与发
13、达国家相比,差距很大,主要表现为自主开发能力和技术创新能力薄弱,核心技术、关键技术仍依赖进口。对此,我国已引起重视,在“九五”科技规划和15年科技发展规划中,将先进制造技术列为重点发展领域之一。进入21世纪,经济全球化的进程日益加快,制造业领域的竞争日益加剧,而竞争的核心是先进制造技术。在此环境下,我们只有抓住机遇,迎接挑战,利用先进制造技术改造传统产业,实现技术创新、机制创新、管理创新及人才创新,才能实现我国跻身世界制造强国的目标。参考文献1李伟。先进制造技术。北京：机械工业出版社，20052张世昌。先进制造技术。北京:天津大学出版社，20043颜永年。先进制造技术。北京：化学工业出版社，2
14、0024张迪妮。现金制造技术。北京：北京大学出版社，20065周育才，刘忠伟。先进制造技术。北京：国防工业出版社,20116王隆太。现金指导技术。北京：机械制造出版社，20127赵云龙。先进制造技术。北京：机械工业出版社，20058张平亮。先进制造技术。北京：高等教育出版社，20129李发致。模具先进制造技术。北京;机械工业出版社，200310刘延林。柔性制造自动化概念。武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2001Intelligent manufacturingAbstract: This paper introduces the intelligent manufacturing backgroun
15、d, main research contents and objectives, artificial intelligence and IMT, IM, IMS and CIMS, the material foundation and theoretical basis of intelligent manufacturing, characteristics and structure of intelligent manufacturing system, and briefly introduces the intelligent machining center IMC, the
16、 development trend of intelligent manufacturing technology. Intelligent manufacturing system and research achievements and existing problems.Key words: intelligent manufacturing, IMS, IMC, IMT.1 main research contents and objectivesThere is no generally accepted definition of Intelligent Manufacturi
17、ng in the world. A current definition is more common, intelligent manufacturing technology refers to the various links in the manufacturing industry, in a highly flexible and highly integrated manner to simulate intelligent manufacturing activities of human experts through the computer. Therefore, t
18、he research and development of intelligent manufacturing is the mechanical object the main research and development of manufacturing enterprises, there are two objectives: the overall intelligence throughout the manufacturing work, in the actual manufacturing system is put forward for the first time
19、 to replace the human machine intelligence department of mental labor as the main target, and strong adjustment process of production and operation enterprises a wide range of self organization ability; the information system and The integration and sharing of intelligence building, emphasis on inte
20、grated automation intelligent. At present, the research direction of IMT and IMS from the initial development of application of artificial intelligence in the field of manufacture to IMS today, the scope of research subject analysis from only one enterprise in the market, product design, production
21、planning, manufacturing and processing, process control, information management, maintenance and other technical aspects of the automation equipment, integrated development to todays world within the scope of the whole manufacturing environment and self organization ability, including the manufactur
22、e of intelligent processing technology, self-organizing processing unit, self-organized robot, intelligent production management information system, multi-level. Contention control network, global communication and operation network2 artificial intelligence and IMT, IMSThe study of artificial intell
23、igence to start manufacturing machine failed to get rid of biological thought, namely intelligent machines. The independent system as the goal of the research route, has seriously hindered the progress of artificial intelligence research. Many scholars have been aware of this, Tsien Hsueshen from th
24、e computer point of view, put forward the intelligent system the concept of combining with computer. At present, foreign invested heavily in multimedia and virtual technology research, and Japans fifth generation intelligent computer development plan ran aground and other examples, is the goal of th
25、e research on the system of intelligent change proof. The application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of Mechanical manufacturing involves market analysis, Product design, production planning, process control, quality management, material handling, equipment maintenance and other
26、aspects. It is developed a variety of domain specific independent expert system, system or intelligent auxiliary system based on knowledge, the formation of a series of intelligent island. With the in-depth research and application, people gradually realize that the automation of future manufacturin
27、g should be the organic fusion machine system highly integrated and intelligent people, self organization to further enhance the ability to rely on the whole manufacturing system of manufacturing automation. How to improve the application scope of these islands and asked in the actual manufacturing
28、environment The ability to become a research focus of the people. At the end of 80s and early 90s, a through integrated manufacturing automation, a new generation of artificial intelligence, new manufacturing engineering: IMT and new generation manufacturing systems IMS computer science and technolo
29、gy talent shows itself development. An important difference in manufacturing in the field of artificial intelligence the application of IMT and IMS in IMS and IMT for the first time to replace part of the mental work in manufacturing as the research object, not only the support, in a certain range a
30、lso need to be able to adapt to the surrounding environment independently, To carry out the work. Four IMS CIMS and the development of the road is not Everything is going smoothly. Today, CIMS development has encountered an impassable obstacle may be the beginning of CIMS put forward high request, i
31、t is also possible that CIMS itself is defective in some innate, todays CIMS is not in the world a few years before it has been paid great attention and extensive research. From the perspective of the development of CIMS, many researchers focus on computer integrated, from the current situation of s
32、cience and technology, the performance of such an integrated system is very difficult to.CIMS as a single production line connecting the self The dynamic system is a kind of strategy, improve the efficiency of manufacture technology. It has a hierarchical information technology based network central
33、ized structure. In spite of this hierarchical system with multiple levels of execution, but the main control facilities is still a major problem in computer center.CIMS is a heterogeneous environment for interconnection complexity must be. In the CIMS concept, the manual operation to operation and h
34、igh degree of automation or semi automation integration is very difficult and expensive. In the further development of CIMS and application of today, people have gradually realized that, to make the CIMS really play the application efficiency and large area, there are two The big problem to be solve
35、d: the human status and functions in the system; in no great investment for technological transformation of the existing facilities can also be applied under the existing CIMS. CIMS concept is to solve these two problems. Not today, human and automation is one of the technical problems, can not be i
36、ntegrated together, the can choose to do, or is a full automatic production line of expensive, or manual operation, which is the lack of compatibility between human and manufacturing equipment, man-machine engineering is a more important consideration, consider compatibility should be reflected in t
37、he competition, skills and decision-making ability. In the manufacturing process the role needs to be redefined And take it seriously.3 material basis and theoretical basis of intelligent manufacturingThe material basis of 3.1. intelligent manufacturing system:(1) CNC machine tools and machining cen
38、ter in the United States in 1952 successfully developed the first numerical control milling machine, so that the mechanical manufacturing industry a technological revolution(2) the computer aided design and manufacture improve the quality of the products and shorten the production cycle of the produ
39、cts, and change the traditional management mode of the whole production process(3) industrial control technology, combining microelectronics and mechanical industry, robot has created a new situation of industrial production, the production of significant changes in the structure, make the manufactu
40、ring process more flexible and expanded the scope of human work.(4) manufacturing system for the intelligent development of the manufacturing processIn particular sectors, specific aspects of the intelligent island, such as expert system, knowledge based system and intelligent auxiliary system.(5) i
41、ntelligent manufacturing system and computer integrated control production system computer integrated manufacturing system, the concept of production from design to manufacturing, integrated and be directly facing the market for production, can be engaged in the size and diversification of productio
42、n; in recent years, manufacturing technology has made great development and progress, it also brings a lot of new problems. CNC machine tools, automatic material system, computer control system, = robot has been widely used in the industrial company, more and more companies use the computer integrat
43、ed manufacturing system (CIMS) , flexible manufacturing system (FMS) , factory automation (F A) , multi target intelligent computer aided design (M1CAD) , modular manufacturing and factory (MXMF), concurrent engineering (CE) , intelligent control system (ICS) and intelligent manufacturing (IM) , int
44、elligent manufacturing technology (IMT) and intelligent manufacturing system (IMS) and so on new terms. The advanced computer technology, control technology and manufacturing technology to the product, put forward new challenge process and system designers and management personnel, design and manage
45、ment of the traditional methods can not effectively solve the problem of modern manufacturing system. To solve these problems, need to use the modern Tools and methods, such as artificial intelligence (AI), provide a set of tools for solving complex industrial problemsTheoretical basis of 3.2. intel
46、ligent manufacturing technologyIntelligent manufacturing technology is a new manufacturing concept and implementation mode. Its core feature emphasizes the whole manufacturing systems overall intelligent or self organization and individual autonomy. The intelligent manufacturing international cooper
47、ation research project JIRPIMS clearly pointed out: intelligent manufacturing system is a kind of intelligent through in the manufacturing process, and the intelligent activities and intelligent machines of organic integration, the entire manufacturing process will be in order, product design, produ
48、ction and all aspects of the market in a flexible manner is integrated to maximize the productivity of the advanced production system. Based on this point of view, in intelligent manufacturing The research of basic theory, the paper puts forward a model of intelligent manufacturing system and its environment, this model to the manufacturing process and the system description, modeling and simulation research gives a new idea and content, to pr
