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1、基于 “1+2 m”人才培养模式的临床师资队伍建设王建国 ,邹发长,张福华(漯河医学高等专科学校临床医学系,河南 漯河 462002)摘要 对临床医学专业 “1+2m”人才培养模式下临床师资队伍现状分析表明,整个队伍年龄结构呈梭形较为合理,双师素质教师比例较低,学历和职称结构有待进一步优化; 临床教师的基本教学素养、教学态度得到学生较高评价,教学内容的把握也较好,但与学生的沟通与交流不够,教学方法和教学手段尚需进一步改进。多种途径加强培养,是提高临床教师业务水平和教学能力的有效举措。关键词 师资队伍;临床教师;教学水平;建设途径中图分类号 G451 文献标识码 A 文章编号1002-1701(
2、2012)近年来,我校根据农村基层对卫生人才的需求,突出学生实践能力培养, 早临床、多临床、反复临床,着力构建“1+2m”人才培养模式 1。人才培养模式是人才培养质量的关键所在。人才培养质量不可能超越教师的质量。教师作为承担培养责任的直接主体,其素质高低、能力的强弱直接决定所培养和教育对象的能力与素质,影响所在学校的声誉地位和高等教育的发展方向2。如何适应新的人才培养模式需要,加强临床教师队伍建设,对每所医学院校来说,看似老生常谈的旧话题,其实依然是一项应该常抓不懈的新任务。一、临床师资队伍基本情况我校有3所直属附属医院和3所教学医院共6个临床教学基地。3所附院中,2所改制时间为分别为2年和8
3、年,1所为 “三甲”、1所为“三级”。3所教学医院均为“三甲”医院。临床医学专业第2年即在临床教学基地开始后期专业课程的学习。2011-2012学年, 临床教学基地共有任课教师362人。1.性别年龄结构。从性别年龄结构分析,有男教师249人,占68.8%,女教师113人,占31.2%；从年龄分布来看,30岁以下6人,占1.7%,3040岁183人,占50.6%,4050岁153人,占42.3%,50岁以上20人,占5.5%。年龄最小28 岁, 最大65 岁, 平均年龄42.1岁,以中青年为主。整个队伍年龄构成呈现梭形结构,40岁50岁年龄段是临床师资队伍的中坚力量,是承担教学任务的主体。40岁
4、以下教师接受新事物能力强,是临床师资队伍的新生力量。合理的年龄结构保证了临床师资队伍的新陈代谢。2. 学历职称结构。表1显示,临床教师中具有硕士和博士学位教师占21%。具有副高级以上职称占64.9%。具有高校教师资格证书者227人,占任课教师总数的62.7%；有教授20人、副教授65人、讲师110人,具有临床和教学双职称的教师占总数的53.9%。从职称结构可以看出, 临床师资队伍中副高级以上职称教师比例虽然较高,但近50%的任课教师没有教学职称,承担教学任务的部分兼职教师尚未取得教师资格证。双师素质教师比例需进一步提高,学历和职称结构亦需进一步优化。表 1 362名临床教师学历结构情况项目选项
5、人数百分比学历本科硕士博士286661079.018.22.8职称初级中级副高级正高级15112178574.130.949.215.7二、临床教师教学质量评价情况采用我校教师课堂教学评估体系、教学质量评价指标体系和教科研业绩量化考核指标体系,对承担临床医学专业教学任务的临床教师进行评价与考核。1.学生评议情况。学生对362名临床教师课堂教学评议结果显示,在教学素养、教学内容、教学方法手段、教学效果等影响课堂教学质量的14 个主要因素中,优良率90%的有“不私自调课、缺课、迟到、早退,不做与教学无关的事”、“严格要求学生,愿意接近和帮助学生”和“教态自然, 授课认真” 3项,处于80%90%之
6、间的有“备课充分,内容熟悉,教学文件齐全”、 “课堂内容充实,联系相关知识”、 “重点突出,难点分析透彻” 和“讲解思路清晰,深入浅出,逻辑性强”共4项,而“善于与学生沟通与交流,关心学生的反应”、“理论联系实际,恰当举例阐述基本理论和基本知识”、“启发式教学,注重临床思维训练,善于调动学生的注意力”、“板书条理清晰,层次分明,设计合理”、“熟练运用直观教学和现代化教学手段”、“因材施教,课程进度安排适当,能适应学生的学习能力”和“授课富有吸引力,课堂气氛活跃,学生对课程兴趣高”共7项80%。说明临床教师的基本教学素养、教学态度得到学生较高评价,教学内容的把握也较好,但与学生的沟通与交流不够,
7、教学方法和教学手段尚需进一步改进。2.临床教师理论课授课水平与教学质量评价情况。作为新建附属医院和教学医院,许多临床教师可能是临床一线的技术骨干、专家,但对教学理论和教学方法缺乏系统的掌握,多数临床教师的授课能力、沟通能力、人文修养有待进一步提高3。面对这种状况,近年来,学校不断加强大临床师资队伍建设力度,开展教学理论培训和教师资格认证工作,通过岗前培训、专项培训等多种途径,有针对性地开展了旨在增强教学基本功、提高授课水平的一系列举措,情况明显改观。表2显示学生对临床教师理论课授课水平和能力满意度：2011-2012学年,承担理论课授课任务的临床教师授课水平和能力的满意度满意度为81.1,而2
8、010-2011学年则为67.3,差异有统计学意义。表3资料显示临床教师教学质量评价情况：2011-2012学年,临床教师授课水平和能力的综合考核与评估,优秀与良好者为55.5,而2010-2011学年优秀与良好者则为28.6,差异显著。说明对临床教师加强教学培训,可以明显提高其授课能力和教学水平,从而提高教学质量。表2 临床教师理论课授课水平和能力满意度比较(10-2)学年参评学生数非常满意满意不满意2P2010-2011学年18015.651.730.66.580.052011-2012学年18026.754.418.9表3 临床教师教学质量评价情况比较(10-2)待添加的隐藏文字内容3学
9、年被评教师数优秀良好合格不合格2P2010-2011学年3117.720.954.317.0171.20.012011-2012学年36219.336.230.913.5三、提高临床教师业务水平和教学能力的途径与措施1.听课与教学观摩。学记中有所谓“相观而善之为摩”。 听课与观摩他人教学,要善于品悟其教学方法与技巧,如何把握教材重点与难点,如何调动学生情绪、引导学生思考等。对于青年教师和新教师尤为重要。任课教师1-2年内坚持听完一名指导教师的一门完整课程及相关课程。每学期参加2-3次教学讲座、教学示范课。通过示范性教学查房、教学讲座、教学示范课进行教学指导,不断强化临床教师的教学意识,提高带教
10、水平。2.备课。备课是上好课的基础。备课包括备教材、备学生、备教法、备学法。我校采用“三级备课制”即个人备课集体备课个人自我完善备课。每位教师均须参加每周1次的集体备课或业务学习,训练撰写规范的教案和讲稿。教案的撰写是教师备课的必然阶段,体现出课堂教学内容的理性,内容与方法的联系性。3.试讲。试讲可以锻炼临床教师的讲课技巧、板书设计等,提高教学的艺术性。新教师和青年教师在指导教师的帮助下,在教研室范围内反复进行试讲,做到教学目标明确,内容正确、系统,能够脱稿授课或仅仅是偶尔视之,教学方法恰当,通过试讲考核后方能承担教学任务。教学方法是教和学的“桥”与“船”,我校倡导教师采用启发式、问题式的教学
11、方法,提倡应用教学挂图及幻灯、视频、计算机及网络多媒体教学等现代化教学手段。4.说课。说课分为课程说课和章节说课。说课的内容有5方面,即说课程标准、说教材、说学法、说教法(包括教法与学生学法的联系、如何突出重点、化解难点的方法)以及说教学过程的设计与安排。通过说课可以了解教师对教学内容的处理、课堂教学的组织、教学手段的应用,以及教态和学生学习兴趣调动的能力等。说课是教师资格认定考核教学基本技能的核心内容。5.规范化培训。我校采取岗前培训、专项培训、教学示范课、教学比赛、外出研修、“以老带新”、在职攻读学位等措施, 进行有关高等教育教学理论和教学技能培训。实施中青年骨干教师、教学名师、专业带头人
12、等师资资助培养计划。组织教学经验丰富的专家教授讲解医学教学方法,有目的、有计划对临床教学基地的兼职教师和新教师进行教案书写、课堂组织、教法使用、教学艺术等教学基本功培训,不断加强对新教师和青年教师的培养、培训,提高其高等教育理论水平和业务素质4。6.教学科研活动5。鼓励、支持临床教师参加产学研用合作、积极开展医学教育和医学科学研究工作, 通过专业建设、精品课程建设、教材建设、教学团队建设项目、教育教学改革项目、研修培训、学术交流等,搭建教师培养和成长的平台,使临床教师更好地掌握教学方法,能动地改进教学方法。7. 加强教学评价。把教师培养工作纳入各系、部（教研室、科室）的年度工作目标管理责任考核
13、。教师教学质量评价采用定量与定性相结合,平时考核与定期考核相结合的方法。教学质量评价分别由学生、同行、中层领导、教务处、科研处、教学督导专家,从教学态度、教学水平、教学效果、教科研业绩不同角度对教师进行比较全面的评价。 参考文献1 宋国华,高凤兰,王福青,等.以工学结合为主线构建临床医学专业MGU(1+2m)人才培养模式J.中国高等医学教育,2009,(8):108-109.2 张国林.把教师队伍建设作为提高教育质量的重中之重J.中国高等教育,2011, (17):20-22.3 胡燕军,王建敏,黄丽丽.论新时期综合性大学附属医院临床教师素质修养J.中国高等医学教育,2006, (4):63-
14、65.4 徐宛玲,王建国.高职高专医学院校“双师型”师资队伍建设的思考J.中华医学教育杂志,2009,29 (2):32-33. 5石辅天,陈志超.职业教育师资队伍建设的研究与实践J.教育学报,2011,7 (4):29-30. Study on the construction of clinical teaching staff based on the 1+2m personnel training modeWANG Jian-guo, ZOU Fa-zhang, ZHANG Fu-hua基金项目 教育部高职高专医学类专业教指委2011年重点课题 (20110908);漯河医学高等专科学
15、校2011年重点课题(2011-JGXM-4)作者简介 王建国,男,教授、主任医师,研究方向为科研与高等教育管理。E-mail:wr0395 电话:0395-2112681,13938013599Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesj
16、r (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars.
17、 Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many importan
18、t weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I wil
19、l have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitud
20、es in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelo
21、pe into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upp
22、er end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder a
23、nd capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, condition
24、s have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest
25、(5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space a
26、t 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but
27、not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less tha
28、n 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team
29、 hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically
30、if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
