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1、Reference:Judith Gura Thames & Hudson Ltd .Scandinavian Furniture: A Sourcebook of Classic Designs for the 21st Century .2007-11MikeRoemer. INTERIORANDFURNITUREDESIGN. Thames Hudson Press.2005SCANDINAVIAN FURNITUREDESIGNScandinavian design is 30 years in the 20th century Having achieved great succes
2、s, and acquired an international reputation for design. The style is concerned, the Scandinavian design is the function of doctrine, but not as stringent as the 20th century, 30 years and doctrines.as stringent as the 20th century, 30 years and doctrines. Geometric form of soften, and edges are fair
3、ing into S-shaped curve or wavy lines, often described as organic form, so that the form of more humane and angry. Before the war with Bauhaus functionalism as the center 40 years in the 20th century, under the difficult conditions of material deprivation is widely accepted, but by the mid-20th cent
4、ury, 40, functionalism has been gradually includes a number of practical and style changes. These changes left the Bauhaus pure geometric forms and works the language of aesthetics, most notably the Scandinavian design. As early as 1930, the Stockholm Fair, Germany, Scandinavian design will be a str
5、ict functionalism and local arts and crafts in the humanist tradition of integrating their together. In the 1939 New York International Exposition, but also established the Swedish Modern style, as the concept of an international status. After the 20th century, 40 years after a difficult period, Sca
6、ndinavian design in the 20th century, 50 years produced a new leap forward. Its simple and organic shape and natural color and texture very popular in the international arena. Milan Triennial in 1954, the international design exhibition, Scandinavian design show a new look, the participation of Swed
7、en, Denmark, Finland and Norway have achieved great success. The design of these countries after the war, the organization implemented a policy of cooperation, their first major achievement was called Scandinavian Design exhibition. Arts Foundation in the United States under the sponsorship of this
8、exhibition from 1954-1957 in North America in 22 years, the citys main museums around the world, thus making Scandinavian design the image of the widely popular in the international community. Function of the Scandinavian modern design movement, the countries in the design organization at the nation
9、al or local level, held a large number of exhibitions, the 20th century, these activities have become a key feature of the 50s. Scandinavian design of the Year, held alternately in various countries, affecting a wide range, which, together with the publications and periodicals for the design of the
10、exchanges made a significant contribution. Design organizations not only exhibitions, they are also an important advocate in this area designed to encourage manufacturers to invest in a creative product development, to persuade the authorities to design policies to support its excellent design. They
11、 also inspire public awareness of good design and everyday use more beautiful thing, and this 50 to 60 for the 20th century, the early design development played an important role. In addition to designing the organization efforts, dominated the 20th century, 50 years of social and economic life of t
12、he development of the power of design has a more profound impact, with the process of industrialization and urbanization, the whole population structure has changed. Continuously improve the standard of living affected the majority of the people and their way of life, resulting in widespread optimis
13、m and confidence for the development and progress. New ideas begin to gain traction, such as that the ordinary people have the right to enjoy the comfort of home, the family is not only healthy, but also meets the functional and aesthetic requirements. In the 20th century, 50s, the ultimate welfare
14、state built up in Scandinavia. The 20th century, 40 years in order to reflect the ethnic characteristics arising from a sense of nostalgia, often showing the pristine countryside, contributed to this softening trend. Early functionalism advocated by the primary color for the 20th century, 40 years t
15、o reconcile the color gradually replaced by a more coarse texture and natural materials by their favorite designers. After 1945, another retro trend - the Danish tradition of excellent craftsmanship in Sweden and Norway have also been strengthened. The 20th century, 50 years, a group of pre-war desi
16、gners, such as the prestigious Henningsen, Klandt, mam Marsden, Aalto, etc. are still walking in the forefront of the design. For example, Henningsen, designed after the war, a number of new PH lamps, in particular, he designed a PH-5, and PH Artichoke pendant lamp has achieved great success and has
17、 sold briskly. The other hand, young designers have also come to the fore, thus promoted the Scandinavian design of further development. Scandinavian design of the human touch is also reflected in the design of industrial equipment, in this respect Swedish industrial designer made a lot of work. Fro
18、m 1965 onwards, from Sweden, consisting of six designers design team involved in Solna, the companys offset printing production line development and design work, they operate on the production line process carried out a detailed ergonomic analysis and redesign the signs, symbols, instructions and ma
19、nipulating the handle, so that working conditions have been greatly improved.Danishfurnituredesignhasatraditiondatingbackalmost450years .In1554,anumberofcabinetmakersfoundedKoebenhavnsSnedkerlaug(TheCopenhagenGuildofCabinetmakers)withthedualpurposeofcreatinghigh-qualityfurnitureandofprotectingthetra
20、defrompoorcraftsmenbyestablishingformaltrainingforcabin-makers. Twohundredyearslater,in1777,DetKongeligeMeobleMagazine(TheRoyalFurnitureMagazine)wasestablishedwiththeaimofmanufacturinguniform,high-qualityfurnitureintermsofproductionanddesignfortheDanishRoyalHouseholdanditsvariousdepartmentsandminist
21、ries,etc.Thefurniturewasdesignedalmostalongthelinesofcataloguegoodsbythemostrenowneddesignersoftheperiod,andtheirdrawingswereforwardedtomastercabinetmakersalloverthecountry,whothenmanufacturedthem. Afterabriefperiodofonly40years,thepracticecametoanendin1815.Theimportantthingisthattheabove-mentionede
22、ventswereextremelyvisionaryasregardsqualityanddesign,andthattheywentontoformasolidfoundationforlaterdevelopment.Furthermore,DetKongeligeDanskeKunstakademi(TheRoyalDanishAcademyofArt)inCopenhagen,establishedaschooloffurnituredesignin1770,whosepurposewastheeducationoffurnitureapprenticestodrawandinspe
23、ctmasterpieceswhatamountedtotheworldsfirstsystematiceducationoffurnituredesigner.Throughoutthe19thcentury,indeeduntilthebeginningofthe1920s,thereisanabsenceofanindependentDanishstyle.ThearchitectsofthetimeareinspiredbyFrench,andparticularly,Englishfurnitureandonlydesignfurnitureforthewealthyuppercla
24、ssesandcivilauthorities.Peasants,farmersandthefledglingworkingclassstilldonotrepresentaninterestingcommercialbody,butthispicturechangeswiththecountrysmovefromanagriculturalsocietytoanindustrializedonetowardstheendofthelastcentury.Thecitiesalmostexplodedinsizeandsocialawarenessflewwiththeemergenceoft
25、henewsocialclasses-laborersandofficeworkers-bothofwhomdemandedmonetarypaymentfortheirservices.Putinsimpleterms,youmightsaythatthiswashowthefoundationofmodernconsumersociety cameintobeing. Once current overheads had been met such as food,clothing,rent and heating ,etc.People still had the means to bu
26、y furniture,which in its own small way, created the basis for a formalized furniture industry.The furniture industry did not really take off until people began moving away from the cramped apartments in the city centers to larger apartments and detached houses on the outskirts of town.This happened
27、in two stages,the first of which was in the 1920s,when the social housing projects began and detached houses started to appear.The second stage was in the 1950s,when both types of housing be fan to shoot up everywhere.This development,combined with a high level of knowledge and awareness,creatd a ne
28、w and more rational housing culture where people began to demand high-quality functional furniture.As it turned out, people outside Denmark soon began to make the same kinds of demands.The1920ssawthedesireforapurelyDanishstyleoffurniture.In1924,alectureshipinfurnituredesignwasestablishedatKunstakade
29、mietsArkitektskole(TheRoyalDanishAcademyofFineArtsSchoolofArchitecture)inCopenhagen.ThelectureshipwenttotheDanisharchitect,KaareKlint(1888-1954),whoinfluencedthedevelopmentofDanishfurnituredesigntoagreatdegree.KaareKlintwasasystematistandamodernistwhousedhisstudentstopioneeraseriesofsurveysandanalys
30、esoffurnitureandspatialneeds.Firstandforemost,KaareKlintrepresentedtheapproachthatfurnitureshouldbefunctionalanduser-friendly,anapproachwhichinmanywaysdeviatedfromtherestofEurope,wherefunctionalismoftentooktheformofformalisticexercises,directingitsfocustowardsawell-to-doeliteratherthantheordinaryman
31、inthestreet. Theresultwasthatastrong,independent,humanisticfunctionalismevolvedinDenmarkthroughthe1930sand40s,culminatinginaninternationalbreakthroughatthebeginningofthe1950s.AcontributoryfactortothisbreakthroughwastheGuildorCabinetmakersannualautumnexhibitionheldforthefirsttimein1928.Here,youngfurn
32、ituredesignerscouldfindcollaborativepartnersamongtheestablishedcabinetmakerworkshopswithaneyetodevelopingnewtypesoffurniture.ItwasattheseexhibitionsthatDanisharchitectslikeHansJ.Wegner,OleWanscher,FinnJuhl,BoergeMogensen,ArneJacobsenandmanyothersmadetheirbreakthrough,anditwasatthesesameexhibitionsin
33、theperiodfollowingtheSecondWorldWarthat,inparticulartheAmericanmarket,caughtsightofDanishfurnituredesign-Danishmodern. ThedevelopmentofDanishfurnituredesigncontinuedforcefullyupthroughthe1950sand60s,resultinginasharpincreaseinfurnitureexports.ThestartingpointofDanishfurnitureproductionwasjoinercraft
34、smenfurniture,butastechnologydeveloped,productionbecameincreasinglyindustrializedandthisaffectedthewayinwhicharchitectsdesignedfurniture.Oneofthebestexamplesofthefurnitureofthisperiodisarchitect,ProfessorArneJacobsensfamous“Myren”(“TheAnt”),designedin1951asacanteenchairforNovoNordisk”snewmedicinalfa
35、ctory.ThechairwasdevelopedincooperationwiththefurnituremanufacturerFritzHansenA/S.Fromthebeginning,Itwasdesignedasanindustrialproductformassproduction.Someyearslater,in1957,ArneJacobsendesignedamorestreamlinedversionof“TheAnt”forFritzHansenA/S,theso-called7-seriesandthesechairsbecameahugesuccesswith
36、5millionchairssoldtodate.HiscollaborationwithFritzHansenA/Scontinueduntilhisdeathin1971.Inadditionto“TheAnt”andthe7-series,ArneJacobsenandFritzHansecsucceededincreatingalongseriesofDanishfurnitureclassics,suchastheeasychairs“Aegget”(“TheEgg”)andSvanen(“TheSwan”),whichJacobsendesignedfortheSASRoyalHo
37、telinCopenhagenin1959.ThesetwochairswereremarkableinasmuchasJacobsenpioneeredtheuseofexpandedpolystyreneinfurniture-chairsaheadofthetimes.Therewereotherstoo,designerswhodesignedindustriallymanufacturedfurniture.In1942,FDB(TheDanishCo-opSociety)hiredthe28yearoldfurnituredesigner,BorgeMogensen,aschief
38、designerforFDBsnewlyestablishedfurnituredesignstudio.BorgeMogensenwasaformerstudentofKaareKlint,andMogensenfurtherdevelopedKlintsideasregardingqualityfunctionalfurniturefortheordinaryconsumer.FDBsfurniturewasmanufacturedinwood,especiallyinthedomesticwoodsortsofoakandbeech.Thesechairsweredesignedfori
39、ndustrialmanufactureanddespitethefactthiswas“furnitureforthecommonman”,itwasstillofaveryhighcalibre,bothintermsoffunctionalityanddesign.Lateron,BoergeMogensencreatedanameforhimselfbydesigningexclusivefurnitureinanaltogetherdifferentpricebracketforaffluentclientele.Despitethis,heneverdivergedfromhisp
40、rinciplesoffunctionalityanduser-friendliness. ThetwodesignerswhoreallyputDenmarkontheworldmapwereHansJ.Wegner(born1914)andFinnJuhl(1912-1989).Thesetwomencamefromradicallydifferentbackgrounds.HansJ.WegnerwasthecountrycraftsmanwhohadreceivedhistrainingasfurnituredesigneratKunsthaandvaerkerskolen(TheDa
41、nishSchoolofArts&Crafts).JinnJuhlwasthecosmopolitanacademicfromCopenhagen,whohadbeeneducatedasanarchitectattheKunstakademiet(TheRoyalDanishAcademyofJineArts).Bothmenhadanamazingfeelfordesignandadeep-seateddesiretocreatebeautiful,functionalfurniture.Asaresult,theycreatedalongseriesoffurnitureclassics
42、overaperiodlasting40years;classicswhicheventodaystandoutasexceptional.Theirproductionofqualityfurnitureissoextensive-HansJ.Wegneraloneisresponsibleformorethan500models-thatitisimpossibletohighlighttheworkofoneortheother.ParticularexamplesofHansJ.WegnersuniquedesignworkareKinastolen(“TheChineseChair”
43、)from1945,TheChairfrom1949,andCirkelstolen(“TheCircleChair”)from1986.AmongFinnJuhlsfurniturearesuchhighlightsashisarmchairmadefortheGuildofCabinetmakersautumnexhibitionin1944andHoevdingstolen(TheChieftainChair)from1949.ItwaschairslikethesethatwonDenmarkitsreputationastheworldsleadingdesignnation. Ar
44、ound1970,DenmarkbegantoexperiencestiffcompetitionfromItalyatthenumerousfurniturefairsaroundtheworld,andinparticular,atthefurniturefairsaroundtheworld,andinparticular,atthefurniturefairsinCologneandChicago.TheItaliandesignersandfurnituremanufacturersmovedinnewdirectionsandexperimentedwithallkindsofma
45、terialsandexpression,whichcausedDanishfurnituretoappearbehindthetimes.ItwasreallyonlytheDanishdesigner,VernerPanton,wholivedinSwitzerland,whounderstoodhowtousethenewman-madematerialsandcreatenewdesigns.ThiswasacriticalperiodinDanishfurnituredesignandfortheDanishfurnitureindustrywhichfounditdifficulttomaintainitspositionasmarkerleader.ThissituationwasnotonlycausedbythechallengeposedbytheItaliandesigners.Itwasalsotheresultoftoomuchsuccess.Thegoodinternationa
