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1、学案导学教学模式初探汪凯（岳阳市云溪区一中，湖南岳阳414009）自2007年湖南省推行新课改以来，我校就十分注重教师教学方式和学生学习方式的变革，寻求教与学的最佳结合点，大力推行以“学案导学”为主要内容的课堂教学改革，较好地构建了和谐、合作、学习型课堂，有效地提高了教育教学质量。下面就谈谈我校“学案导学”的几点做法。一、情景导入，明确目标良好的开始是成功的一半。导课作为教学过程的开端，如果运用得当，就能为整个教学过程奠定良好的基础，收到事半功倍的效果。教师在课堂上应从“一切来源于学生的生活，再回归于学生的生活”这一理念出发。一个优秀的课堂导入，不仅要能吸引学生的注意，而且要能唤起学生真实的生
2、活经验，从而引导他们更好地认识生活、学会生活。这就要求我们在设计课堂导入时，要根据学生的年龄、心理特征，从“激发学生兴趣，启迪学生思考，唤起学生情感”等入手，吸引学生的注意，发挥导入的激励功能。导入可以运用故事、游戏、问题、悬念、图象、开门见山等方式。情景导入新课后要立即进行目标定向。教师根据所学内容的重点难点， 结合学生的实际学习情况，按照课程标准对所学内容的具体要求，制定出切实可行的学习目标，学习目标可运用外显行为动词表述，表述要明确、具体、清楚、实用，具有明确的导向和激励作用。目标出示的方式要灵活自然， 教师要引导学生采用灵活机动的方式认定学习目标。这一环节通过目标定向唤起学生强烈的学习
3、欲望，明白本节课学什么，怎么学，达到怎样的学习效果。二、学案引领，自主学习学生明确学习目标后，教师把学习的主动权交给学生，给学生充足的时间让学生通过看书、作批注、查资料、思考等方式自主学习。课前教师要精心备课，自己吃透教材，充分考虑学生在自学中可能遇到的困难， 充分考虑如何科学高效地指导学生自学，在此基础上设计出科学、实用的学案，学案中要含有指导学生自学的自学提纲。在学生自学前，教师先预设一些思考性的问题，让学生带着问题自学，一定要有效地进行学法指导，指导的内容包括：学什么，让学生明确自学的内容；以什么方式自学，让学生明确自学的方式；学多长时间，让学生控制好自学的进度。教师在备课设计学案时，一
4、定要下大力气研究学法指导。自学指导一定要到位，能扎实有效地引导学生自学。这一环节可以培养学生自学能力，充分体现学生自主学习。在学生自学时，教师要多关注学困生，及时辅导。三、合作探究，交流展示在学生自学后，以小组为单位交流学习情况，每个同学在学习小组内提出在自学中遇到的问题，组长具体组织，通讨论交流，实现“兵教兵”，最大限度地解决本组同学在自学中遇到的问题或困惑；教师组织全班交流，各组汇报本组自学情况，提出本组不能解决的问题。教师全面掌握学生自学情况，梳理全班同学在自学中遇到的问题，归纳出普遍性的问题，随机备课。对于全班同学都不能解决的问题做到心中有数，为下一步精讲点拨做好准备。在这一环节的学习
5、中，教师要充分发挥组织、引导的作用，充分发挥小组合作学习的作用。教师要对学生自学后交流的信息进行整合，明确精讲点拨的内容。四、启发引导，精讲点拨本环节是学案导学六步教学模式的重要环节， 对于全班存在的普遍问题、典型问题进行精讲点拨。一是精讲：严格执行“三讲三不讲”的要求，讲难点、讲联系、讲规律；学生能自学学会的知识不讲，学生能合作交流学会的知识不讲，能以练代讲的就只练不讲。注重“三讲清”，讲清概念，讲清联系，讲清作用。对于学生不理解的难度较大的难点和易混易错的问题，在学生渴望释疑的心理状态下，教师针对其疑点，快速确定讲的内容，抓住要害，讲清思路，明晰事理，并以问题为案例，由个别问题上升到一般规
6、律，以达到触类旁通的教学效果。二是点拨：教师可引导学生对典型问题再度展开讨论，在学生相互讨论解决问题的过程中教师参与其中， 适时点拨； 例如某个问题，个别学生能解决，其他同学仍不懂不会，教师可让尖子学生做“老师”，实现“兵教兵”，面向全体学生讲解，教师补充点拨， 这可以说是讨论的继续。这一环节对老师提出很高的要求，教师要相机点拨，讲当讲处。五、系列训练，当堂达标在先学后教的基础上，进行系列训练拓展应用，巩固学习效果。根据教学目标联系生活实际有针对性地设计当堂系列训练题和当堂达标检测题，这一环节的注意事项如下：当堂训练题要结合学科特点精心设计。要“精练”，就是练思维、练方法、练基本功、练能力，练
7、的内容要序列化，练的方式要多样化，练的方法要科学化。当堂训练题要分层次设计，进行系列训练。可设必做题、选做题、思考题。必做题是达到课程标准要求的基本题，是全班同学必须当堂完成的；选做题有的是为了增加训练的量，有的是为了增加训练的难度，这样可以避免一般学生“吃了”，尖子生“吃不饱”的现象。当堂训练可以独立完成，也可以合作完成。一般较简单的训练题学生独立完成，综合性的题目，多数学生不会的或出错的问题可以通过小组讨论交流解决。学生能交流解决的问题尽量让学生完成，教师及时启发引导、点拨纠正。当堂达标检测题学生独立限时完成。明确正确答案，及时进行评价和反馈矫正。在课堂上一定要留足当堂训练的时间， 完成当
8、堂训练的时间一般不少于10分钟。要因材施教，根据教学内容及学生情况当堂系列训练题和当堂达标检测题可以合并。教师的反馈矫正要贯穿始终，尤其要关注学困生，加强对学困生的辅导。六、吃回头草，总结反思该环节是对全班学生对本节课的学习情况的一个总结，可以让学生自我小结，也可以师生一齐总结。总结的内容包括：本节课学了哪些内容，是否学会，并反思自己的自学能力有哪些长进。通过总结，学生回顾本节课学了哪些内容，把所学知识纳入到已有的知识体系中，进一步构建知识网络；回顾自己掌握了些解题方法，纳入已有的能力体系。对自己的自学过程进行反思，体会自学成功的愉悦，增强自学的信心和能力。当然，学案导学教学法的探索仅仅是一个
9、起步，要进一步的优化和提高，还需要在实践中不断探索，并吸取更多先进经验加以改进，希望广大同仁不吝赐教。1993：92.钟启泉，崔允漷，张华.为了中华民族的复兴为了每位学生的发展基础教育课程改革纲要（试行）解读.华东师范大学出版社，2001：147.参考文献：1弗里德曼等.中小学教师应用心理学.人民教育出版社，1993.2钟启泉，崔允漷，张华.为了中华民族的复兴为了每位学生的发展基础教育课程改革纲要（试行）解读.华东师范大学出版社，2001.3何国莉.历史教育的突破口：关注人本身.中学历史教学参考，2001.7.4徐敏.历史课“研究性学习”的实践与思考.教学月刊（中学文科版），2001.9.5叶
10、小兵.论历史教学中研究性课题的教学活动.历史教学，2001.2.6朱可.高中历史理性思维能力的构成及其培养.中学历史教学，2000.7.7沈素英.创建历史研究性课题教学模式的几点思考.历史教学，2001.6.8殷俊.试论历史学科的研究性学习.历史教学，2001.6.Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoo
11、ns. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first sp
12、ace shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorol
13、ogist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating
14、 to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the ballo
15、ons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith
16、- the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled bal
17、loon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the
18、face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission
19、. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb hi
20、gher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will
21、slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming
22、pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound
23、- 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be
24、deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve para
25、chute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be
26、the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
