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1、第一套Child Maltreatment is aglobal problem with serious life-longconsequences .There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of childmaltreatment .Data for many countries, especially low and middle income,countries , are lacking.虐待儿童是一个全球性问题 ,它导致严重的终生的后果。全球对虐待儿童普遍程度没有可靠的估计。很多国家,特别是低收入和中等收入
2、国家对数据也缺乏。Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimatesvary widely depending on the country and the method of research used.Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and5%-10% of men report being sexually abused when they were children, while2
3、5%-50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, manychildren are subject to emotional abuse【sometimes referred to as psychologicalabuse.】虐待儿童是一个复杂和困难的研究课题。目前的估计差别很大取决于国家和方法研究。尽管如此,国际研究显示, 大约 20%的女性和 5% -10%的男性被性虐待，他们还是孩子的时候,而 25% - 50%的儿童自述受到身体虐待。此外,许多儿童正遭受情感虐待【有时被称为心理虐待。】Every
4、year, there are an estimated 31,000 homicide deaths in childrenunder 15.This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as asignificant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls ,burns and drowning.每年，大约有 3100015 岁以下儿童凶杀死亡。这个数字低估了真正的问题的严重程度，很大比例的儿童
5、虐待造成的死亡被错误地归咎于跌落 ,烧伤和溺水。Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can havelong-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated withdisruption in early brain development . Extreme stress can impair thedevelopment of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently
6、as adults,maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural ,physical and mentalhealth problems .Via the behavioral and mental health consequences,maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexuallytransmitted infections.虐待儿童给儿童及家庭造成痛苦,并可能产生长期的后果。虐待会导致精神紧张,这与早期大脑发育受到损害
7、有关。极端的压力会损害发展神经和免疫系统 。因此作为成年人, 虐待儿童有更高的风险行为、生理和心理健康问题。通过行为和心理健康后果,虐待会导致心脏疾病,癌症,自杀和性传播感染。Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is aneconomic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment,child, welfare And longer-term health costs.儿童虐待健康的后果，还有经济影响，包括住院治疗，心理
8、健康治疗费用，儿童，福利和健康的长期成本。A number of risk factors for maltreatment have been identified. These riskfactors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide anoverview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment. 很多虐待的危险因素已经被确认。这些风险因素还未出现在所有的社会和文化背景,但提供一个概述,当试图了解虐待儿童问题产
9、生的原因。It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never toblame for maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child mayincrease the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four yearsold or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfill
10、the expectations ofparents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormalphysical features.需要强调的是，孩子是受害者并没有责怪虐待。一些个人特征的儿童可能会增加的被虐待可能性，如是四岁以下或青少年，是不必要的，或没有履行父母的期望和有特殊需要，坚持哭声或有异常的外表特征。1. According to the passage, the difficult situation in the global estimates ofThe child maltreatmen
11、t is due to the following factors EXCEPT_,根据短文,在全球的情况下估计虐待儿童困难的，是由于下列因素，除了_A. child maltreatment is global problem. 虐待儿童是一个全球性的问题。B. there is no exact data about low-and mid-income countries 并没有确切的数据对低收入和中等收入国家C. there is a shortage of the professional data collectors 缺乏专业数据收集D: different scientists
12、 use different research methods不同的科学家使用不同的研究方法2. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? 根据课文下列哪个陈述是真实的呢?A20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood. 20%的女性在童年了受到性虐待。B. 25%-50% of all children were reported to have been physically abused报道 25% - -50%的儿童是在身体受虐待C .
13、25%-50% of children were psychologicallllyy abused,25% - -50%的儿童心理虐待,D60%-75% of children were neglected by their parents.60% - -75%的儿童被他们的父母所忽视3. According to the passage, many homicide deaths in children under 15 are. Wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT _根据短文,许多 15 岁以下儿童被杀害是错误地分为以下
14、类型，除了 _A. Drowning in swimming 溺水C. burns 烧伤 D .falls 跌落 B. diarrhea 腹泻Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused bychild？下列哪个没有提到当坏孩子带来的影响A: The child will behave badly m his memory of childhood when he growsup. 当他长大，孩子的表现是他的童年记忆。B. Child maltreatment hurts his nervous arid im
15、mune systems. 虐待儿童伤害他的神经脆弱的免疫系统。C. Child maltreatment damages his early brain development. 儿童虐待损害他的早期大脑发育。D. The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood. . 他成年后孩子是容易患许多疾病5. According to the passage, the maltreated children often bear all the followingCharacteristics EXCEPT_根据短文, 所
16、有以下特征儿童经常承受虐待，除了_ A. they frequently and easily cry 他们经常和容易哭泣B. they are infants or in adolescent period , 他们是婴儿的或在青少年时期,C. they are often neglected by their parents or friends 他们往往会被他们的父母或者朋友忽视,D. they often try their best to meet the requirements of their parents 他们经常尽他们最大的努力来满足要求他们的父母第二篇Most elde
17、rly people with so-called Type II diabetes could stop takinginsulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes just three times a week;according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper BerlilingskeTidende on Monday. 根据星期一发表在哥本哈根报纸贝林时报新的医学研究结果。大多数二型糖尿病老年人如果他们每周三次轻快的运动
18、 30 分钟可以停止服用胰岛素。，Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen CentralHospital Rigshospitalets Center for Muscle Research showed that. physicalexercise can boost. the bodys ability to utilize insulin by 30 percent, thenewspaper reported. This is equal to the effect most elderly diabeti
19、cs get fromtheir insulin medication today, it said.报纸报道在哥本哈根中心医院的中心化验了糖尿病患者肌肉的结果研究表明。体育锻炼能提高身体 ,利用胰岛素 30%的能力。它说这等于最年迈的糖尿病患者摄入一天胰岛素用药效应。Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men withType II，all more than 60 years of age, exercise on bicycles six times a week forthree months. Afte
20、r the three months, the doctors measured how much sugar thetest subjects muscles could utilize as a measure for how well their insulinworked.研究人员研究一群非糖尿病人和一群 II 型糖尿病人。所有超过 60 岁,一周自行车运动 6 次,为期三个月。医生测量多少糖测试科目的肌肉能够利用，作为衡量胰岛素以及他们如何工作。Associate Professor Dr. Hemming Dela of the Muscle Research Centersaid
21、 the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulinutilization as the healthy non-exercising persons. . 副教授海明博士的菲律宾人肌肉研究中心表示,测试显示每天锻炼糖尿病患者胰岛素利用率和健康的人一样高。This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups .Physicalexercise cannot cure people of diabetes, but it
22、can eliminate almost all theirsymptoms. At the same time it can put off the point at which they have to begintaking insulin or perhaps, completely avoid insulin treatment, Dela was quotedas“这意味着两组同样适用胰岛素。体育锻炼并不能治愈糖尿病的人 ,但是它可以消除他们几乎所有的症状。,他们可以推迟服用胰岛素,或者完全避免胰岛素治疗,”菲律宾人质被引述Insulin is a hormone produced
23、 by the pancreas, controlling sugar in the bodyand used against diabetes.胰岛素是由胰腺分泌产生的一种激素,控制体内血糖水平并用来对付糖尿病。Dela said that to achieve the desired effect, diabetics need only exerciciseto the point where they begin to work up a sweat, but that the activity has to bemaintained since it wears off after
24、five days without sufficient exercise.德说，达到预期的效果，患者只需要锻炼到出汗的地步。但要一直保持锻炼，因为它五天内没有足够的锻炼就会消退。Most diabetics realize that they have to watch their diet while remainingunaware of the importance of exercise,. Dela added. “大多数糖尿病患者意识 到他们必须注意他们的饮食,而没有意识到运动的重要性,”。德补充道。How could most elderly Type II diabetics
25、 stop taking insulin?大多数老年人如何停止服用第二型糖尿病的胰岛素 ?A. By taking more salt than usual.通过吸收比平时更多的盐。.B.By taking less salt than usual. 通过采取比平时更少的盐C. By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week.通过每周至少有三次做半小时轻快的锻炼。D. By going climbing, swimming or boxing every day. 每一天要攀登,游泳或拳击比赛。2. Ph
26、ysical exercise may increase the body ability to utilize insulin by _ 体育锻炼会增加人体利用胰岛素的能力达到 A. 70 percent 70% B. 30 percent C. 60 percent . 60%D. only a few percent 只有一小部分3. The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included_在哥本哈根中心医院进行的测试研究受试者包括A. elderly non-dia
27、betic men 老年糖尿病人B. elderly Type II diabetic men 老年 II 型糖尿病人C. both sexes of all ages 所有年龄段的男女D. both A and B A 和 B 都是4. To what a degree do diabetics need exercise in order to achieve the desiredeffect?做糖尿病患者需要锻炼到什么程度以达到所需的效果呢?A. To the degree where they begin to sweat.开始流汗程度。B. To the degree where
28、they feel exhausted. , 他 们 感 到 筋 疲 力 尽 程度C. To the point when they feel thirsty. 得直到他们觉得口渴D. To the point when they have to take insulin. 他们必须来点胰岛素5. According to Dela, among most diabetics, the importance of exercise is_the importance of watching their diet.根据德研究,其中大多数糖尿病患者的是不了解的运动重要性只注意饮食的重要。 A. a
29、s poorly understood as 很糟糕的理解解。B. as well understood as .为了C. less understood than 不了解 比 D. better understood than 更好的理解比第二套三、回答问题（10 小题，每小题 2 分，共 20 分）阅读下面短文并完成后面的题目。在 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出能够回答所提问题的最佳答案。In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developeda checklist of stressful ev
30、ents. They appreciated the tricky point that any major changecan be stressful. Negative events like serious illness of a family member were highon the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When youtake the Holmes Rahe test you must remember that the score does not refl
31、ect how youdeal with stress it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now knowthat the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of stayinghealthy. 在 60 年代，医学研究人员托马斯福尔摩斯和李察教授制定了一个紧张的事件清单。他们意识到棘手问题,任何重大变化可能会有压力。负面事件，如“家庭成员的严重疾病“排在名单上面，但有一些积极的改变生活的事件，例如婚姻。当你必须记住这个测试，评分并不
32、反映你如何处理压力，只显示你有多少处理压力能力。现在我们知道你对这些事件的方式处理大大影响你保持健康的机会。By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe.And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports.Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Womensmagazines ran headl
33、ines like Stress Causes Illness ! If you want to stay physicallyand mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.在 1970 年早期,数以百计的关于数百万美国人在压力下工作和生活的担心类似福尔摩斯和李察教授研究报告。不知怎的,研究工作就归结为一个难忘的消息。女性杂志标题压力会导致生病!文章说,如果你想保持身心健康,就要避免压力事件。But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if s
34、tressful events aredangerous, many like the death of a loved one are impossible to avoid. Moreover, anywarning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription for staying away fromopportunities as well as troubles. Since any change can be stressful. A person whowanted to be completely free of stress
35、 would never marry, have a child take a new jobor move. 但这种简单的建议是难以执行。即使压力事件危险,许多像心爱人的死亡是不可避免的。此外,任何警告,以避免所有压力事件是处方远离机会以及麻烦。因为任何改变都会有压力。一个人想成为完全自由没有压力，将永远不会结婚，有一个孩子，而采取一个新的工作或移动。The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we knowabout people. It assumes were all vulnerable a
36、nd passive in the face of adversity逆境). But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periodsof stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know thata long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and metalstrain.所有的压力使你生病，也忽
37、略了很多我们知道的。在面对逆境时被动时假设我们都是脆弱的。但是，但是人类有主动性和创造力吗 ?通过压力期间的许多人比他们以前更多的体力和精神的活力。我们也知道，没有变化或挑战的时间长了可导致无聊。1. The result of Holmes-Rahes medical research tells us _福尔摩斯雷特的医学研究结果告诉我们A. the way you handle major events may cause stress 你处理重大的事件的方式可能造成压力 B. what should be done to avoid stress 应该做些什么来避免压力C. what
38、kind of event would cause stress 什么类型的事件会导致压力D. how to cope with sudden changes in life 如何应对突然的变化的生活2. The studies on stress in the early 1970s led to_在 1970 年代早期研究表明压力导致A. widespread concern over, its harmful effects 有害的影响普遍关注.B. great panic over the mental disorder it could cause 心理障碍就会引起巨大的恐慌C. a
39、n intensive research into stress-related illnesses . 大的压力导致的疾病的研究D. popular avoidance of stressful jobs 流行避免压力的工作3. The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows_福尔摩斯雷特分数表明：A. how much pressure you are under 你受到多大的压力B. how positive events can change your life 如何积极的事件会改变你的生活C. how stressful a major event c
40、an be 重大事件有多么大的压力D. how you can deal with life-changing events 如何处理改变人生的事件4. Why is such simplistic advice (Line l, Para. 3) impossible to follow? 为什么这种过于简单化的建议“无法遵循”?A. Because no one can stay on the same job for long. 因为没有人能呆在同一个地方工作很久。B. Because no prescription is effective in relieving stress. 因
41、为没有方法是有效缓解压力的。C. Because people have to get married someday. 因为人们有一天必须结婚D. Because you could be missing opportunities as well. 因为你可能会错过机会。5. According to the passage, people who have experienced ups and downs mayBecome_根据文章，那些经历了起起落落可能变得A. nervous when faced with difficulties 在遇到困难时紧张B. physically a
42、nd mentally strained 身体上和精神上的紧张C. more capable of coping with adversity 更有能力应付逆境D. indifferent toward what happens to them 他们漠不关心身上发生了什么The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centeredaround aerobic exercise(有氧操). 健身运动始于 1960 年代末和 1970 年代早期围绕有氧运动。Millions of individuals bec
43、ame engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, andliterally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalizeon thisemerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. 数百万人参与各种各样的有氧活动,数以千计的健康水疗中心开发到全国各地，利用这个新兴的健身的兴趣获利,尤其是对有氧舞蹈为女性。A number of fitness spas existe
44、d prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even anational chain with spas in most major cities. 健身水疗中心之前就存在这种有氧健身运动，甚至在大多数主要城市有全国连锁水疗中心。However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programsdesigned to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily maleent
45、husiasts. 然而,他们的重点并不在有氧运动,而是在锻练项目旨在开发男性爱好者肌肉质量、力量和耐力。These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitnessmovement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-trainingprograms offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight trainingh
46、as again become increasingly popular for males and for females. 这些健身水疗似乎从有氧健身运动中没有获得经济效益而形成更好的健康 ,因为医生意见是锻练课程很少能获得(如果有的话)健康。然而,近年来,重量训练再次变得越来越受男女欢迎。Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength andendurance but on aerobic fitness as well. 许多现有的项目不仅关注发展中肌肉力量和耐力,但也有有氧健身。Historic
47、ally, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures ofmuscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily becausesuch fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. 从历史上看，7大多数物理体能测试通常包括肌肉力量和耐力的措施，而不是为与健康相关的原因，但主要是因为这样的健身组件已涉及到在竞技表现。However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designedprimarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some healthbenefits as well. 然而，近年来，有证据表明，目的主要是为了提高肌肉力量和耐力的训练计划也可能会提供一些健康的好处。The American College of S
