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1、test1_section1M: Good morning!W: Good morning! How can I help you?M: I understand that the school organizes umm, trips to differentW: Yes. We run five every month, three during weekends and two Wednesday afternoon trips.M: What sort of places?W: Well. Obviously, it varies, but always places of histo
2、rical interest and also which offers a variety of shopping, because our students always ask about that. And then we go for ones where we know there are guided tours because this gives a good focus for the visit.M: Do you travel far?W: Well, we are lucky here obviously because we are able to say that
3、 all our visits are less than three hours drive.M: How much do they cost?W: Again it varies, between 5 and 15 pounds a head, depending on distance.M: Ah haW: Oh and we do offer to arrange special trips if, you know, there are more than 12 people.M: Oh right. Ill keep that in mind. And what are the t
4、imes normally?W: We try to keep it pretty fixed so that the students get to know the pattern. We leave at 8.30 a.m. and return at 6 p.m. We figure its best to keep the day fairly short.M: Oh yes and then how do we reserve a place?W: You sign your name on the notice board. Do you know where it is?M:
5、Ah ha. I saw it this morning.W: And we do ask that you sign up three days in advance so we know weve got enough people interested to run it and we can cancel if necessary with full refund of course.M: Thats fine. Thanks.M: And what visit sub plan for this term?W: Right. Well. Im afraid the schedule
6、hasnt been printed out yet. But we have confirmed the dates and planed the optional extra visits, which you can also book in advance if you want to.M: Oh thats all right. And if you can just give some ideas of the weekend ones so I can, you know, work out then to see friends and such IW: Oh sure. We
7、ll, err the first one is St. Ives. Thats on the 13th of February and we will have only 16 places available because were going by mini bus. And thats the day in town with the optional extra of visiting the Hepworth Museum.M: All right. Yes ah. That sounds good.W: And then theres a London trip on the
8、16th of February. And we will be taking a medium size coach so there will be 45 places on that. And lets see the optional extra is the Tower of London.M: Oh, Ive already been there.W: Yam. After that is Bristol on the 3rd of March.M: Where?W: Bristol. B-R-I-S-T-O-L.M: Okay.W: Thats in a different mi
9、ni bus with 18 places available. Oh and the optional extra is visit to the S.S. Great Britain.M: Okay.W: Were going to Salisbury on the 18th of March. And thats always the popular one because the optional extra is Stonehenge. So were taking the large coach with 50 seats.M: Oh good.W: And then the la
10、st one is to Bath on the 23rd of March.M: Oh yes, is Bath the Roman city?W: Yes, thats right. And thats in the 16 seats mini bus.M: And wheres the optional visit?W: Its to the American Museum, well worth visit.M: Okay, thats great. And thanks all that.W: My pleasure. Oh by the way, if you want more
11、information about any of the trips, have a look in the student newspaper.M: Ok.W: Or have a word with my assistant. Her name is Jane Yentob. Thats Y-E-N-T-O-B.M: All right. Ive got that. Thank you very much for all your help.W: Youre welcome. I hope youll enjoy the trips. test1_section2Good afternoo
12、n everybody and welcome to Riverside Industrial Village. To start your visit, Im just going to give you a brief account of the history of the museum before letting you roam about on your own. I wont keep you long. OK?Now from where were standing youve got a good view of the river over there. And it
13、was because of this fast flowing water that this site was a natural place for manufacturing works. The water and the availability of raw materials in the area, like minerals and iron ore, and also the abundance of local fuels, like coal and firewood, all made this site suitable for industry from a v
14、ery early time.Water was the main source of power for the early industries and some of the water wells were first established in the twelfth century, would you believe? At that time, local craftsmen first built an iron forge just behind the village here on the bank near the river. By the seventeenth
15、 and eighteenth centuries, the regions rivers supported more than 160 water mills and many of these continued to operate well into the nineteenth century. But then the steam engine was invented and then the railways came and the centres of industry were able to move away from the rivers and the coun
16、tryside and into the towns. So industrial villages like this one became very rare.So thats the history for you. If youd like any more information, you can ask me some questions, or you can read further in our excellent guidebook.Now Im going to give you a plan of the site and Id just like to point o
17、ut where everything is and then you can take a look at everything for yourself. Ive already pointed out the river, which is on the left. And of course running along the bottom is Woodside Road. Got it? Ok, now, we are standing at the entrance. See at the bottom, and immediately to our right is the t
18、icket office. You wont need that because youve got your group booking, but just pass it are the toilets, always could to know where they are. In front of us is the car park as you can see. And to the left by the entry gate is the gift shop that is where you can get copies of the guide like this one
19、here. Now beyond the car park, all the buildings are arranged in a half circle with a yard in the middle. The big stone building at the top is the m The lower buildings you can see on the left are the cottages. These were built for the works towards the end of the eighteenth century and they are sti
20、ll furnished from that period so you can get a good idea of ordinary people living conditions. Across the yard from them, you can see the Stables where the horses were kept for transporting the products. And the separate building in front of them is the Works Office and that still has some of the ol
21、d accounts on display. Right. If any one wants a guided tour, then I am starting at the engine room. If youd like to, come along this way please, ladies and gentlemen. test1_section3W: Excuse me, Dr. Johnson. May I speak to you for a minute?M: Sure. Come in.W: Im Melanie Griffin. Im taking your cour
22、se in population studies.M: Right, so, well, Melanie, how can I help you?W: Im having a bit trouble with the second assignment and its due in 12 days.M: Whats the sort of trouble are you having? Is the assignment question a problem?W: Well, thats part of the problem. Im also having been having troub
23、le getting hold of the books. Ive been to the library several times and all the books were out.M: It sounds like you should start borrowing the books a bit earlier.W: Well I have really a big assignment due for another course and I have been spending all my time on that and I thoughtM: And you might
24、 get an extension of time to finish your assignment for me?W: If thats possible. But I dont knowM: Well. Yes its possible. But extensions are normally given only for medical or compassionate reasons. Otherwise, thats really a question of organizing your study and we dont like giving an extension to
25、a student who simply didnt plan the work properly. What did you get for your first assignment?W: I got 87 percent.M: Umm. Yes, you did very well indeed. So obviously you can produce good work.W: I dont think I need too much extra time, as long as I can get hold of some important references.M: Well,
26、since you did so well in your first assignment, Im prepared to give you an extra two weeks for this one. So, that will mean you need to submit it about a month from now.W: Oh thank you.M: Now what about the reading materials? So you check out the journal articles in the list?W: Oh, no, not yet. Ther
27、e were about twenty of them I wasnt sure which ones should be most useful or all important.M: Well theyre all useful, but I dont expect anyone to read them all because a number of them deal with the same issues. And let me give you some suggestions. The article by Anderson and Hawker is really worth
28、 reading.W: Right. Ill read that one.M: You should also read the article by Jackson but just look at the part at the research methodology how they did it.W: Ok, Jackson, I got that.M: And if you have time the one by Roberts says very a lot of things although its not essential.W: Ok. If its useful Il
29、l try with that one.M: Now the one by Morris. I wouldnt borrow with that at this stage if I were you.W: Ok, I wont borrow with Morris. Oh now, someone told me that the article by Cooper is important.M: Oh yes, but just look at the last part where it discusses the research result.W: And last theres F
30、orster. I cant think why I included that one. Thats not bad and could be some help but not that much.M: Now lets deal with the assignment question. Whats the problem there?W: Its graph from page 2.M: It seems to be the problem is just about the bar graph showing reasons why peoples change where they
31、 live.W: Well Ive got a photocopy but the reasons at the bottom are missing.M: Ok. Look at the first bar on the graph. Now that indicates the number of people who move because they want more space.W: Oh, I see. Bar one. Ok, now whats about the next bar?M: Bar two is to do with the people who live ne
32、arby disturbing them so they chose to move away to somewhere quieter. Now lets look at bar No.3. Another reason people change their places of living is because they want to be closer to the city.W: Ok. Proximity to the city is the issue.M: Now bar No.4 refers to problems when the owner of the proper
33、ty wont help fix things go wrong. In other words, the owner is not helpful and so the tenants move out.W: Ok, now what about Bar 5.M: Bar 5 is about those people who move because they need a bus or train to get among the city or to go to work.W: Ok, and Bar 6?M: Bar No.6 is mid-resting. That reason
34、was given quite a lot. People move in because they wanted to be in a more attractive neighbourhood.W: Oh yes. Thank you very much. test1_section4Good day, ladies and gentlemen. Ive been asked today to talk to you about the urban landscape. Therere two major areas that Ill focus on in my talk: how ve
35、getation can have a significant effect on urban climate and how we can better plan our cities using trees to provide a more comfortable environment for us to living.Trees can have a significant impact on our cities. They can make our cities, as a whole, a bit less windy or a bit more windy as that w
36、hat you want. They can make it a bit cooler if its a hot summer day in an Australian city or they can make it a bit more humid if its a dry inland city. On the local scale, that is a particular area within the city, trees can make the local area more shady, cooler, more humid and much less windy. In
37、 fact, trees and plantings of various of kinds can be used to make city streets actually less dangerous in particular areas. How do trees do that, youll ask? Well, the main difference between a tree and a building is a tree has got an internal mechanism to keep the temperature regulated. It evaporat
38、es water through its leaves. And that means the temperature of the leaves is never very far from our own body temperature. The temperature of a building surface on a hot sunny day can easily be 20 degrees more than our temperature. Trees, on the other hand, remain cooler than buildings because they
39、sweat. This means they can humidify the air and cool it, a property which can be exploited to improve the local climate.Trees can also help break the force of the winds. The reason that high buildings may keep windier at ground level is that as the wind goes higher and higher, it goes faster and fas
40、ter. When the wind hits the building, it has to go somewhere. Some of it goes over the top and some goes around the sides of the building, forcing those high level winds down to ground level. That doesnt happen when you have trees. Trees filter the wind and considerably reduce it preventing those ve
41、ry large strong gusts that you so often find around tall buildings. Another problem in built-up areas is the traffic noise is intensified by tall buildings. By planting a belt of trees at the side of the road, you can make things a little quieter but much of the vehicle noise still goes through the
42、trees. Trees can also help reduce the amount of noise in the surroundings, although the effect is not as large as people would like to think. Low frequency noise, in particular, just goes through the trees as that they arent there. Although trees can significantly improve the local climate, they do,
43、 however, take up a lot of space. Therere route system to consider and branches blocking the windows and so on. It may therefore be difficult to fit trees into the local landscape. Theres not a great deal you can do if you have what we call a street canyon, a whole set of high-rises enclosed in the
44、narrow street. Trees need water to grow. They also need some sunlight to grow and you need room to put them. If you have the chance of knocking buildings down and replacing them, then suddenly you can start looking at different ways to design the streets and to introduce.(End) test2_section1W: Oh, P
45、eter, there youre. Its been ages. What catches so long?M: Sorry, Im so late, Sally. Have you been waiting long? W: Half an hour. But it doesnt matter. I had a coffee and I had been reading this guidebook for tourists. Sit down. M: Umm.W: You look very hot and tired. What would you like to drink?M: I
46、d love really chill mineral water or something. Would you have another coffee?W: Yes, Ill. The waitress will be back in a moment. Why are you so late. Did something happen?M: Yes. You know I went to the bank to cash something travellers cheques. Well the exchange rate was looking very healthy but I
47、went to the teller they told me that the computer system was temporarily down. So they couldnt do any transactions. They said the problem would be fixed in a few minutes so I waited. And then I started talking to another guy in the bank and I forgot the time.W: Oh, really? Someone you met in the ban
48、k. Does he work there?M: No, he was a tourist, from NY. His name is Henry. And hes been here for a week, but hes moving on to Germany tomorrow. Hes an architect and hes spending four weeks travelling along Europe. W: Just like us?M: Yes, just like us. He told me the names of some places where we sho
49、uld eat. Great food and not too expensive, he said. Oh, and he also gave me this map of the buses to me, he said he didnt need it anymore.W: Thats useful. But hes moving on tomorrow. Yes, heres the waitress. Lets order. Do you want something to eat? Or should we just have a drink?M: Well. Im hungry. And weve got a lot of sightseeing to do. So lets
