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1、GSM无线系统掉话解决方案初探 刘力平（湖南省移动通信局 长沙410001）摘要 本文从切换失败、干扰、软硬件故障等几个方面论述了GSM无线系统掉话的原因，并根据实际维护经验提出了解决GSM无线系统掉话的可行性方案。1 前言GSM无线系统掉话是用户在使用手机过程中经常遇到的问题，也是用户申告的热点，此外，无线系统掉话率痪 何降低无线系统掉话率，提高网络运行质量是当务之急。本文将分析无线系统掉话的原因，并相应地提出了一些解决方法。2 掉话产生的原因无线系统掉话分为SDCCH掉话和TCH掉话，其主要产生原因综述如下：（1）由于切换而导致的掉话在基站做分担话务量的切换时，一些切换请求会因为切入小区的
2、信号强度太弱而失败，即使切换成功也经常会因为信号强度太弱而掉话。原因是在BSC中我们对手机用户的接收信号强度设有最低门限（RX_LEV_ACC_MIN=-105dBm），当低于此门限值时，手机无法建立呼叫。有一些小区由于相邻小区都很繁忙，造成忙时目标基站无切换信道或在拓扑关系中漏定义切换条件（含BSC间切换和越局切换），致使手机用户在进行切换时无法占用相邻小区的空闲话音信道，此时BSC将对此进行呼叫重建（Direct Retry），若主叫基站的信号此时不能满足最低工作门限或亦无空闲话音信道，则呼叫重建失败导致掉话。当小区之间存在着漏覆盖或者盲区时也会导致切换失败而掉话。小岛效应。如果服务小区A
3、由于地形的原因产生的场强覆盖小岛C，而在小岛C周围又为小区B的覆盖范围，如在A的邻近小区的拓扑结构表中未添加小区B，那么当用户在C中建立呼叫后一走出小岛C，由于无处可切换将产生掉话。（2）由于干扰而导致的掉话干扰主要包括同频、邻频及交调干扰。当手机在服尉 ，会引起误码率恶化，使手机无法准确解调邻近小区的BSIC码或不能正确接收移动台测量报告。基站在通过SDCCH为手机分配好应使用的话音信道后,由于没有临近小区BSIC码而无法判断该使用哪个小区的话音信道，从而产生掉话。交调干扰主要是指数模共站的基站由于模拟基站发射机的影响而产生的干扰，这种干扰的直接后果是时隙分配不出去造成基站资源的浪费。（3）
4、由于天馈线原因而导致的掉话由于两副天线俯仰角不同而产生的掉话在基站安装过程中每个定向小区均有如图1所示的两副收发天线，当小区的DATABASE中参数CCCH_CONF=0时，小区的SDCCH和BCCH采用NO-COMBINED MODE，这样，该小区的BCCH和SDCCH就有可能分别从两副不同的天线发出。当两副天线的俯仰角不同时，就会造成两副天线的覆盖范围不同，即出现如图1所示的情况，当用户在B区中，能收到BCCH信号，但产生呼叫时却因无法占用SDCCH而掉话。由于天馈线方位角原因而产生的掉话在基站安装过程中每个定向小区均有如图2所示的两副天线，当两副天线的方位角不同时就会形成如图2中A和C所
5、示小区。在A小区中的用户可以收到控制信号SDCCH，但用户一旦被指定为由另一副天线发射出的TCH时就会造成掉话。在C小区中的用户将无法收到信号。由于天馈线自身原因而产生的掉话。天馈线损伤、进水、打折和接头处接触不良，均会降低发射功率和收信灵敏度，从而产生严重的掉话。由于两副天线之间的距离原因而产生的掉话。两副天线之间应保持一定的水平距离以实现分集接收，否则将会降低收信灵敏度产生掉话。两副天线之间的水平距离（经验值）应为垂直距离的十分之一，至少应大于3m。（4）Abis接口失败产生的掉话Abis接口的 ，包括BSC未收到来自BTS的测量报告，超过TA极限，切换过程的一些信令失败以及一些内部原因，
6、此外还有Abis接口的误码率的影响。（5）A接口失败产生的掉话A接口失败出现的较少，主要是切换（BSC之间或MSC之间的切换）的失败，原因是切换局数据不全或目的基站不具备切入条件。（6）基站软硬件故障而产生的掉话系统的硬件故障或软件不完善，程序或数据差错等原因都会造成掉话。（7）由于采用直放站而导致的掉话为减少投资，扩大覆盖范围，一些县城内的小基站普遍采用直放站直接放大其信号，用光纤或微波传输，由于地形、环境影响，直放站往往安放在偏僻小镇，周围多为山区、丘陵地形，再加上工程质量原因，达不到指标要求，从而产生掉话。（8）TA和实际不符由于某种原因，当BSC计算出的时间提前量（TA）与实际所需要的
7、TA不相符时，会造成时隙上干扰，干扰严重时会引起掉话。3 故障的分析解决现就以上的故障原因进行分析，并提出相应的解决方案。（1）切换的分析和解决切换的原因主要有以下几类：上下行接收电平RX_LEVEL原因引起的切换。下下行接收质量RX_QUAL原因引起的切换。上下行干扰引起的切换。功率预算（PBGT）引起的切换。呼叫重建。话务原因引起的切换。如果掉话率高涉及到切换问题，可先用测试车进行较大范围的测试，因为切换是在小区及基站之间发生的，本小区的掉话有可能是因为其与相邻小区之间的切换设置不合理造成的。对于一些与该小区有切换拓扑关系而拥塞率又较高的小区应作为测试的重点，并需要检查小区周围是否有盲区存
8、在，如果是这种原因应及时修改相关频率并增加新基站或扩大原有基站的覆盖范围。对于因切换设置不合理而造成的掉话可根据实测情况适当修改切换参数。对那些由于话务量不均衡，造成忙时因目标基站无切换信道而产生的掉话，解决的办法是进行话务量的调整。（2）干扰的分析和解决上行干扰上行干扰主要来源于同频干扰，也可能是外部干扰，同频干扰与同频小区的话务量有关，话务量高则干扰大，外部干扰主要是交调干扰。对上行干扰可通过分析DRIVE_TEST中的相关报告，修改同频小区的同频频率，增加两个同频小区间的间距（实际统计表明信号强度随距离以近似4次幂指数的规律衰减）或利用频谱分析仪对交调干扰加以定位，通过分集接收和有效的功
9、率控制也可减少干扰。下行干扰下行干扰主要是由于频率规划不当而造成部分基站的同频干扰和邻频干扰。发现的方法是通过在OMC中取得切换测量报告来加以判断，下行干扰会引起频繁切换。通过测量报告和现场实测如发现存在同频和邻频干扰，需对蜂窝系统的频率规划重新进行优化调整。对无上述情况但有干扰的小区可用频谱分析仪寻找干扰源。使用不连续发射（DTX）和跳频技术DTX分为上行DTX和下行DTX，是采用话音激活检测（VAD）技术，在不传送话音信号时停止发射，限制无用信息的发送，减少了发射的有效时间，从而降低了系统的干扰电凭 无线信号的传输质量，特别是慢速移动体的传输质量，这是由于跳频使得发射载频以突发脉冲序列为基
10、础进行跳变，能明显地降低同频干扰和频率选择性衰落效应。（3）天馈线的分析和解决对因天线方位角或信俯仰角不正确而形成的掉话，首先应到基站现场进行观测。如不能发现问题可以通过对特写故障小区的手机拨打测试（CQT）或通过分析从OMC中得到的相关统计参数(RF_LOSS_RATE、SDCCH_CONGESTION_KEY、TCH_CONGESTION_KEY等）来发现故障原因，并及时调整天线方位角和俯仰角以降低待添加的隐藏文字内容2掉话率。对由于天馈线损坏或接头接触不良致使发射功率和收信灵敏度降低而产生的掉话，可采用天馈线测试仪对天馈线进行测量来判断故障原因及故障点，并及时更换故障天馈线和接头。（4）
11、软硬件故障的分析和解决对因硬件原因而产生的掉话，可通过OMC_R察看到相关硬件的告警。如果OMC_R中无硬件告警信息，则可能是信道盘的某个时隙或压缩编码器中的某个信道损坏。这可以通过关闭掉小区内其它信道盘，对怀疑有问题的信道盘进行拨打测试或关闭掉压缩编码器中其它XCDR板，对怀疑有问题的XCDR板进行拨打测试来发现故障点。一旦发现故障硬件后，应及时更换，如无备件，也应先闭掉故障板以免产生掉话现 Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CN
12、N for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also mis
13、sed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race ha
14、s renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the Ne
15、w Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to th
16、e live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist an
17、d a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gu
18、st of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWit
19、h each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as e
20、arly as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the
21、 troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called th
22、e tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving pl
23、atform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the
24、big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or s
25、pins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he w
26、ill have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guarante
27、ed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
