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1、毕业论文英文资料翻译学 院： 专 业： 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 2012年 5月Improve the concept of financial supervision in rural areas American Journal of Agricultural Economics，2009.Xun QianFarmers in Chinas vast population, has some large-scale production of the farmers, but also survival-oriented farmers, huge differences
2、 between the financial needs of rural finance intermediation makes complex, together with agriculture itself is the profit low, natural and market risks high risk decision to weak agricultural industry characteristics, resulting in the cost of rural financial transactions is far higher than the city
3、, also decided to organize the rural financial system in terms of operation or in the market has its own special characteristics. 20 years of financial reform, financial development while the Chinese city made impressive achievements, but the rural finance is the entire financial system is still the
4、 weakest link. Insufficient supply of rural finance, competition is not sufficient, farmers and agricultural enterprises in getting loans and other issues is also very prominent, backward rural financial system can no longer effectively support the development of modern agriculture or the transforma
5、tion of traditional agriculture and the building of new socialist countryside, which to improve the rural financial supervision new topic. Chinas rural financial regulatory problems(A) the formation of Chinas financial regulatory system had a line three commission (Peoples Bank, the Securities Regul
6、atory Commission, Insurance Regulatory Commission and the Banking Regulatory Commission) financial regulatory structure. BankThese stringent requirements, different management and diversification of monitoring has its positive role, but it also had some negative effects. First, inefficient supervisi
7、on, supervision of internal consumption of high costs, limited financial industry business development and innovation space. Second, the regulatory agencies, regulatory bodies and the information asymmetry between central banks, banking, securities, and insurance mechanisms of coordination between r
8、egulatory bodies are not perfect. Information between central banks and regulatory agencies is difficult to share, is difficult to create effective monitoring force. Basically between the various regulators in their respective state regulators, regulatory policies and measures to overlapping or conf
9、licting phenomena have occurred, unable to cope with Chinas current rural financial market complexity and diversity and so on. Third, financial institutions have liquidity risk or out of the market and so on, may be excessive because the central bank assistance, financial institutions and financial
10、institutions led to the person in charge capacity risk and moral hazard, or for financial institutions regulatory arbitrage possibilities; addition, since the lack of recourse, may adversely affect the financial stability. (B) rural financial ecological environment is not in-depth The current financ
11、ial environment in rural county building still remains in the letter the user, village, township, community development credit level, government-led, human-propelled, departmental interaction and create a mechanism for financial ecological environment in rural areas lack. Local governments and autho
12、rities the importance of financial knowledge of the ecological environment is not deep, implementation and functions of individual local protectionism and heavy, there is interference with the financial sector credit and other daily business situation. Rural credit system lag, lack of bad credit pun
13、ishment mechanism, rural businesses and residents in the overall credit awareness is not high, rural finance development and expansion of social services and social protection of the environment has not yet formed. (C) Chinas existing legal system of financial supervision and a number of shortcoming
14、s, can not guarantee that financial regulation is reasonable, effective, standardized implementation First, regulatory lag, supporting regulations are incomplete, the content is too rough, too simple, the banking, securities and insurance supervision laws and regulations more old, a general lack of
15、quantitative science. Supervisory regulations and standards, regulatory methods and technical means not meet regulatory requirements in the market. Staff in the actual implementation, not easy to grasp the scale, may of operation. Second, the Chinese regulators and the regulated objects exist some i
16、nterest, and the existing regulations, lack of supervision and regulatory enforcement are to ensure that financial regulation can not be just and reasonable. Finally, Chinas financial supervision is still difficult to shake off the inertia of the executive-style regulatory impact. (D) of the Rural F
17、inancing drifting outside the existing financial regulatory According to IFAD study, Chinese farmers from the informal financial institutions, loans from official credit institutions about 4 times. For farmers, the importance of informal financial markets over the formal financial market. Chinas mai
18、nly rural folk form of finance rural credit cooperatives, Cooperation, private lending, private banks, private funds, microfinance, etc., of which only rural credit cooperatives and microfinance in Chinas financial supervision under the rest of the financial forms the lack of appropriate supervision
19、. The general lack of rural financial organizations of civil norms, there is a big risk, Chinas existing laws and regulations on private financial institutions in rural areas is one of isolation policy, making a lot of money from the dark into the rural financial market and greater regulation of fin
20、ancial difficulty, on rural financial security is a potential threat. learn from the developed countries (A) improve coordination of rural finance mechanisms for external supervision 1. The United States multiple composite of the coordination mechanism. U.S. financial cooperation system in rural are
21、as by the federal mid-term credit banks, cooperative banks, federal land banks and federal land bank system composed of three Cooperatives, the Farm Credit Administration (NCUA) leadership, and with the Council under the leadership of the private banks in rural commercial credit, National Rural Cred
22、it Bank policy of the United States shared the task of rural financial intermediation. The organizational model is a typical multi-mode hybrid system, three systems have an independent management system, with clear terms of reference. To ensure the healthy development of rural financial institutions
23、, commercial banks in the United States adopted a different regulatory models, specifically setting up a relatively sound financial regulatory system in rural areas, including regulators, industry self-regulation associations, financial intermediation and mutual insurance group clearing center, the
24、four kind of independent agencies and their subsidiary bodies, the functions of different, but share the same objectives as a common rural cooperative financial institutions to serve the regulatory system. 2. Germanys comprehensive regulatory model of coordination mechanisms. Low concentration of th
25、e German banking system, in the very important parts of the bank, the representative of the financial mixed operation. Commonwealth Bank and the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority the power to regulate the two main regulators of the banking sector there is a clear division of labor, but also cl
26、ose cooperation. Commonwealth Bank in Germany, nine states have branch offices, using their own network advantages to the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority is responsible for daily transmission of data banks focus for the Federal Financial Authority to provide a better basis for the exercise o
27、f regulatory functions, but it is not directly involved in the regulation work, nor has the administrative punishment. The Federal Financial Supervisory Authority did not have branches in the states, it is difficult to carry out regular supervision, need to cooperate with the Commonwealth Bank to pe
28、rform its regulatory functions. Germanys main central banks and industry rely on the federal audit of the regulatory system and risk prevention and protection system to ensure rural finance in the specification on the basis of continuous development. 3. Japans complement each other-type coordination
29、 mechanism. In Japan, the dual supervision of the implementation of rural finance: first, the Office of Government financial regulation, supervision on the implementation of various financial institutions, to achieve the overall risk control; Second, national and local Forestry and Fisheries Departm
30、ent with the Office of Financial Regulation on the implementation of rural financial institutions supervision, including the Ministry of Agriculture consists of the branch on Norinchukin supervision, Forestry and Fisheries set up in six major areas of agricultural area in County Council on joint sup
31、ervision of the letter, and all, Road House, County Farmer of the Ministry of Agriculture within its jurisdiction Association for Cooperative Finance Supervision Department (B) the establishment of deposit insurance and emergency rescue system to form a three-tier safety net Developed financial syst
32、em generally established strict internal management system, deposit insurance system and the system of three emergency safety net. As a second-class safety net of deposit insurance system has been very satisfactory. The federal government on rural finance unified compulsory deposit insurance, the sp
33、ecific business operation by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporations Savings Association Insurance Fund, and to assume supervision of the insured financial institutions; the German government on the implementation of the voluntary deposit of credit co-insurance, not mandatory insurance, its insur
34、ance sector is the industry organization; Japans credit co-national compulsory deposit insurance, the insurance agency is a joint venture between Government and the people, by the Government, Norinchukin Bank, Japan Bank, Credit Union and a coalition of agricultural water fishery credit cooperatives
35、 Industry Insurance Agency. As a third-class safety net for emergency rescue system, specific measures for implementation in different countries, bank deposits for the brink of bankruptcy, in some countries directly by the central bank to offer special low-interest loans (such as the U.S. and Italy)
36、, in some countries by the bank regulatory authorities and other Commercial Bank for the establishment of special institutions to finance the rescue (such as France and Belgium), a number of countries came forward by the deposit insurance agency to provide funds (such as Japan), more by one or a few
37、 large banks in support of official support. (C) rural finance within the industry associations to play a regulatory role 1. U.S. Rural Cooperative Finance Association of self-management. In the United States, various credit associations or co-finance up to several dozen, including a long history, n
38、ationally renowned for the National Association of Credit (CUNA), a specialized credit services for the Federal Register Association (NAFCU), there are also special school credit for community service credit unions and associations (CCUC), etc. While the states also have their own Credit Union Assoc
39、iation. The trade association is one of the major work to develop a code of conduct, self-regulation management. 2. German credit cooperation and other cooperative system of industry self-regulation of mutual integration. German cooperation in the National Credit Union (BVR) is a cooperative bank in
40、dustry self-regulatory organizations, grass-roots local cooperative banks, cooperative banks and district central cooperative banks, as well as professional co-finance companies, cooperative credit union is a member. Germany 11 contributions from the various types of cooperatives set up jointly orga
41、nized a regional cooperative audit association, responsible for annual audit of the specialized agencies of the various types of cooperatives, which are also common types of cooperatives at the district level, the industry watchdog, plays an important industry supervisory role. 3. Set supervision an
42、d service in one of the Japanese Agricultural Association. Japanese government in 1947 promulgated the Agricultural Cooperative Law, agricultural association provides services for members of cooperative organizations, its not for profit, adhere to the rural communities and members for the service ce
43、nters, institutional system based on grass-roots level according to facilitate farmers , established the principle manageable. The main source of funding is to absorb the rural deposits, in principle, limited to serving as a member of the farmers and agricultural groups. To ensure financial security
44、 cooperation, and healthy run, set up a rural credit insurance, temporary transfers of funds mutual aid system and credit cooperative organizations, and government co-funded deposit insurance system, agricultural disaster compensation system and the agricultural credit guarantee system for the insur
45、ance system measures. improve the financial supervision of the concept of rural China(A) improve and perfect the legal system of rural financial regulation, supervision according to law Finance as the core of the economy, the continued growth of rural finance is more in need of legal regulation and
46、a sound legal environment, accelerate the development of rural finance laws, no legal basis to change the situation, has become the strong demand of rural financial development. Since the reform and opening up, no one for rural finance, rural financial regulation can serve as a basis for law. To ach
47、ieve effective supervision, the need for additional professional laws, regulations, and specific regulatory measures, regulations and implementation details, so as to achieve from the general administrative supervision to improve the legal system, efforts to establish changed the credit system, and
48、ultimately control law . While in strengthening the legal system, adopt effective measures to strengthen the integrity of the whole community education and step up publicity to raise awareness of the general financial and legal residents, to actively support the work of the national collective finan
49、ce; education of the population according to lending, and actively with the illegal lending practices fight, really create a sound legal basis, that the law according to the credit environment and legal environment. (B) give full play to grassroots government, professional regulatory function Actively cooperate with local governments at all leve
