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1、Toxicity Tests of a Phytoestrogen-Rich Herb; Pueraria mirifica Wichai CherdshewasartA study to determine the toxicity of the powder and extract derived from the phytoestrogen-rich herb; Pueraria mirifica cultivar Wichai-III was carried out using a selection of animals and some human volunteers. The
2、powder was used to determine the acute toxicity in mice with a 0.5 dilution criterion. It was found that the LD50 of the oral consumption of the powder was out of the range of 2,000 mg / kg b.w. A skin irritation test was performed on rabbits with 1 ml / head epidermal application. The rabbits showe
3、d no signs of irritation symptoms. A Draize test was performed on rabbits along with an eye irritation test. No irritation was observed up to the end of the 7th day of the test period. A skin irritation test was conducted on guinea pigs by applying GPMT to assess contact allergic response. It was sc
4、ored as a no allergic response. The extract-treated skin showed no allergic response after UV-A irradiation during the photo-toxicity test on guinea pigs. The primary human skin test using an applied Draize test revealed no meaningful allergic response. From all established toxicity tests, it may be
5、 concluded that P. mirifica cultivar Wichai-III should be outside any significance acute toxicology range if orally consumed or should not cause any significance skin sensitization if topically applied.Key words: Pueraria mirifica, phytoestrogen and toxicity test.Department of Biology, Faculty of Sc
6、ience, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. E-mail : cwichaisc.chula.ac.th ; Pueraria mirifica (2546) 28(1) ; Pueraria mirifica 3 0.5 LD50 2,000 / 1 . 1 / 7 GPMT Pueraria mirifica 3 INTRODUCTIONPhytoestrogen consumption is becoming of great interest in the nutrition and
7、public health sectors due to the rapid increasing awareness of the benefits to human health after long-term consumption, most frequently from legumes and beans (1, 2, 3) even though it was first noticed to induce sterility in animals.(4) Children who were baby-fed with soybean showed lower evidence
8、of breast cancer when they became mature.(5) The maternal consumption of phytoestrogens was passed to the neonatal before birth.(6) Long-term consumption of phytoestrogen-rich diets in females also showed lower evidence of breast cancer development as well as colon cancer, artherosclerosis, menopaus
9、al symptoms and postmenopausal osteoporosis.(7, 8)The key phytoestrogens in soy are isoflavones especially daidzin, daidzein, genistin and genistein. Daidzin was found to exhibit bone loss protection activity.(9) Daidzein could act as an immune enhancer,(10) and inhibitor of specific mutagenesis.(11
10、) Genistin showed inhibitory effects to myoblast(12) as well as prostate cell line proliferation.(13) Genistein was seen as the most important ingredient as it could exhibit anti-breast cancer activity.(14-16)Phytoestrogens from legumes have been analyzed and ranked for isoflavone content. It was fo
11、und that Pueraria lobata or Kudzu which is abundance in Japan, Korea and China, contained daidzin and daidzein with many profound pharmacological actions including antidipsotropic activity,(17) was classified as the top ranking for daidzein content.(18) Even though there has been no direct compariso
12、n between that plant and the Thai herb; Pueraria mirifica (Airy Shaw et Suvatabandhu) or otherwise known as White Kwao Krua, it would be of great interest to introduce P. mirifica into the world of phytoestrogens as its consumption in Thailand had been long-recorded with a purpose similar to ERT at
13、the present time.P. mirifica is widely distributed in Thailand, and it has been domestically consumed as a rejuvenating drug for both male and female for a long time, especially by mature people. It was possible to prove the presence of the active ingredients which affect rejuvenation.(19) It was br
14、ought to medicinal attention as a potent phytoestrogen source, even though this terminology was not established at that moment. The study in animals showed the strong estrogenic effect of its key active ingredient, namely miroestrol, in both immature female mice as well as ovariectomized rats,(20,21
15、) which was also confirmed in clinical trials in Great Britain.(22) Recently deoxymiroestrol was found to be the real key active ingredient with its strong estrogenic effects(23) as well as isoflavonoids when tested with the ER a-harboring human breast cancer cells.(24) Other active ingredients have
16、 also been found, including some of similar to those contained in soy such as daidzin, daidzein, genistin and genistein and different chemicals such as puerarin, kwakhurin, and coumesterol.(25-28)As a proven phytoestrogen-rich Thai herb with a comparable strength for estrogen, the toxicity studies a
17、re not clear especially for the powder and extract derived from the plant. The powder derived from P. mirifica, especially cultivar Wichai III was recently developed into traditional medicines and dietary supplement products whereas the extract is widely used in various cosmetic products. Three pate
18、nts were applies for based on product development from this plant cultivar. We therefore set up a range of toxicity tests in various animals to clarify P. mirifica as it is becoming a novel raw material for dietary supplements, and traditional medicines as well as cosmetics and topically applied pha
19、rmaceutical products.MATERIALS AND METHODSPlant materialsThe fresh tuber of P. mirifica cultivar Wichai-III was collected from a field-grown plant, cleaned, peeled, sliced into pieces, dried in a hot air oven until nearly completely dried, ground into fine powder of 100 Mesh size and used as powder
20、for the acute toxicity test as well as a serial dosage test. For the extract preparation, the fresh tuber was ground and mixed with the equal volume of extraction solution containing propylene glycol and sterile de-ionized water. The extract was kept for all skin tests.AnimalsThe mice (ICR) used in
21、the acute toxicity test, the New Zealand white rabbits used in the primary skin irritation test and the primary eye irritation test, Hartley guinea pigs used in the skin sensitization test as well as the photo-toxicity test, were inbred. Animal husbandryThe animals were housed in polypropylene cages
22、; balanced pellet animal feed and community tap water was provided, ad libitum. A standard laboratory environment of 25oC, 12 hrs dark-light period was maintained.Human subjectsThirty healthy woman volunteers from the ages of 20-30 years old were selected with standard exclusion criteria for the ski
23、n sensitization test. The following were excluded from the tests. These including any volunteers undergoing medical treatment, pregnant women, those with spots or scars or any skin diseases, those with a history of Psoriasis, Eczema, atopic dermatitis or that of family members disease history, as we
24、ll as any volunteer involved in another on-going test or in a test last finished within a certain time lapse. They were informed that the test material was the extract derived from P. mirifica and signed a form of consent before testing.Acute toxicity testFive mature male (weight 30-35 g) and female
25、 (weight 28-32 g) mice (ICR) per group and per cage was set up as a 5 case study group-dilution with a common ration of 0.5 as 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg / kg b.w. as well as one control group. P. mirifica powder was mixed with 2,000 mg animal feed per mouse. The animals were kept under observatio
26、n for the maximum period of 14 days whereas the group of 5 mice were chosen hourly, at the end of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 12 hrs and daily from day 1-14 for histopathology and gross findings of necropsy including brain, kidney, heart, lung, spleen, liver, stomach, intestine, pancreas, adrenal gland, pi
27、tuitary gland, testis and ovary.Primary skin irritation test (29, 30)Six healthy male New Zealand white rabbits weight 4-5 kg with abraded skin at the back position were kept individually per cage, each assigned as 4 test sites, 2 of which were for tests by applying 0.5 ml of P. mirifica extract wit
28、h the aid of the patch, the other two sites were for control by applying 0.5 ml of distilled water with the aid of the patch. The animals were kept for 24, 48 and 72 hrs observation. Primary eye irritation testNine healthy male New Zealand white rabbits weight 4-5 kg were kept individuaaly per cage,
29、 each received eye-drop on the mucous membrane, 3 non-rinsed, and 6 with rinsed, 0.1 ml P. mirifica extract on one eye without any treatment on the other eye as a control to evaluate the damage to the cornea as described before as Draize test (29, 30). The animals were kept for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 day
30、s observation. Skin sensitization testThirty mature male guinea pigs (Hartley) weight 1,000 1,150 g were divided into 3 group, 10 of each, and submitted to the GPMT. The first group was a test group receiving 0.1ml P. mirifica extract. The second group was a positive control group receiving 0.1 ml o
31、f 0.1% DNCB. The third group was a negative control group receiving 0.1 ml of 0.1% saline solution. At the primary sensitization stage, 0.1 ml of each test material was applied, 0.1 ml of FCA, 0.1 ml of test material and FCA was injected into both sides of a hairless guinea pigs stomach skin. While
32、the primary skin sensitization test on P. mirifica extract was carried out to determine the secondary sensitization concentration. After obtaining the result that no positive response was found on the site applied with 100 % of test material when applying P. mirifica extract on the back of the guine
33、a pig by various concentrations, the secondary sensitization induced concentration was determined as 100 % pure solution. After one week of the primary sensitization, the hair which grew on the site was cut and mild irritation was induced by 10% SDS (petrolatum) and test material was applied with th
34、e dosage of 1 ml to each animal on the 2 x 4 cm2 of Whatman No. 3 filter paper and the paper was attached to the animal, enclosed with non-permeable plastic tape, rolled with pressure-dressing then close-patched for 48 hrs. After 2 weeks, the hair of the animals waist was cut (5 x 5 cm2) and as the
35、previous case, 1 ml of test material was uniformly applied on Whatman No. 3 filter paper at a size of 2 x 4 cm2 and the paper was covered with non-permeable plastic tape to keep it on and rolled with a pressure-dressing, and then close-patched for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs, the residual test material on
36、the test site was cleaned and the occurrence of erythema and edema was checked. The next day, the test site was observed by the Magnusson and Klingman test method.(31) Photo-toxicity testTwenty mature male guinea pigs (Hartley), weight 1,000 1,150 g were divided into 4 groups, the same number for th
37、e P. mirifica extract-treated group, the CP-treated group, the 8-MOP treated group and the saline solution-treated group. The hair at the back part of the guinea pigs was cut and 3 sites of 2 x 2 cm2 area was drawn on both sides, which totalled 6 sites. The right sites were specified as light-interc
38、epted control ones and the left sites as light-radiated test ones. The treatment was carried out as followings. In the P. mirifica extract-treated group, a test material was prepared in 100% extract, 50% and 25% in saline solution. In the CP and 8-MOP treated group, test materials were prepared in 1
39、0 %, 1%, and 0.1% in DMSO solution and each solution was uniformly applied with 50 ml on each site. In the case of the saline solution group, 50 ml of saline solution was applied on all sites.In all treated groups except for the saline solution-treated group, each test material was prepared as 10, 1
40、 and 0.1% in DMSO solution and uniformly applied with 50 ml on the sites. In the saline-solution-treated group, 50 ml of saline solution was uniformly applied on all the sites. Thirty minutes after the application, the right site of the animal was light-intercepted with aluminum foil and UV-A (300-3
41、80 nm) was irradiated at 10 cm distance for 2 hrs by a photo-toxicity-generating system (Ultra irradiation system, BIOTRONIC, VILBER LAURMAT, France). The final energy of the system was set to be 15 J/cm. The intensity of the irradiated light was measured by photo-radiometer (Vilber). After 24, 48,
42、72 hrs of irradiation of UV-A, photo-toxicity was evaluated by observing the guinea pigs skin response. Human skin sensitization testThirty women were submitted to a primary skin sensitization test by applying a 8 mm Finn Chamber skin patch containing 0.1 ml P. mirifica extract with a control of 0.1
43、 ml saline solution on the other patch attach to the skin of each forearm and kept for 24 hrs as a closed patch. During the test period, any kind of influence, such as baths, intensive exercises, hard work and any medications which could influence this test results were not permitted. P. mirifica ex
44、tract was divided into 3 sets for each of the 10 volunteers and defined as A for the control section, B, C and D for the test sections B, C and D were the same material used repeatedly to check out the meaning of this test result The observation for erythema and edema was performed by the naked eye
45、in the next 24 hrs after removal of every patch and after waiting for 2 hrs.RESULTS Acute toxicity testThere were no deaths due to any administered amount for the duration of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 hrs and 1-14 days after treatment at the dosage of 250, 500, 1,000 as well as 2,000 mg / kg b. w. and th
46、us the calculation for LD50 is out of the range of 2,000 mg/kg b.w. The body weight gain was statistically different only in the female treated mice. The gross findings of necropsy including the liver, kidney, brain, heart, lung, spleen, stomach, intestine, pancreas, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, testis and ovary were normal as compared with the control group (Table 1). The results suggest that P. mirifica cultivar Wichai-III powder consump
