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2、and Neo-Darwinism II. Evolutionism III. Evolutionary Theory IV. Evolutionary Epistemology V. Evolutionary Social Science and Learning VI. Cultural Evolution VII. Evolutionary Economics VIII. Evolutionary World Politics IX. Simulation X. Sciences of Complexity Bibliographical Aids Glossary of Terms I

3、ntroductionThis is the second, revised and expanded edition of an annotated bibliography on evolutionary thought in the social sciences. It builds upon the material that appeared in the report on the 1994 workshop Evolutionary Paradigms in the Social Sciences and now features a new thematic arrangem

4、ent, and a basically chronological order for entries under each main theme. An effort is also made to keep the list up-to-date.The chief purpose in compiling this bibliography is to present, within the limit of about 100 entries, the major works and the significant advances in this large and somewha

5、t inchoate field. The aim is to provide an introduction to those first entering the field, such as graduate students and others new to it, so that they might orient themselves to the major divisions of that field. Attention is directed to the classics, and to more recent contributions, with preferen

6、ce given to book-length and expository treatments. It is not intended to be an exhaustive bibliography of the several subfields but it does aim at touching on the most important themes. No effort is made to cover developments in evolutionary biology or evolutionary cosmology.The major portion of the

7、 annotations are being carried over from the first edition, and most have been contributed by Corina Herron Linden. Most of the additional entries are by David Wallerstein.July 1995I. Darwinism and Neo-DarwinismDarwin, Charles (1859) The Origin of The Species by Means of Natural Selection or the pre

8、servation of favored Races in the Struggle for Life London: Murray This classic work argues the common descent of all life on earth and the generation of new species through the process of natural selection. Abundant reproduction and genetic variation characterize each generation. Individuals wit h

9、the best-adapted combination of inheritable characteristics survive and provide the basis for the next generation. Multiplication of species is the result of the splintering into daughter species or the establishment of geographically isolated founder populations that evolve into new species. Hofsta

10、dter, Richard (1944, revised edition: 1955) Social Darwinism in American Thought Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania PressThe standard critique of social Darwinism in American thought until the 1890s. Discusses the works of Spencer, William Graham Sumner and Lester Ward and the easy to exaggera

11、te use of natural selection as vindication of militarism or imperialism.Huxley, Julian S., ed. (1963) Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, New York: Hafner PressGives an in-depth account of the concepts of natural selection and evolutionary progress and their relationship to each other. Relates the evol

12、utionary trends and processes observed in nature to the theoretical findings of genetics and systematics.Parsons, Talcott (1966) Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Presents theory of social evolution, characterized by stages (primitive,

13、intermediate and modern), wherein the more advanced societies display greater generalized adaptive capacity. Argues that there was not one single origin of al l intermediate societies, but multiple origins: patterns can be diffused (adopted) from society to society. Two types of societies exist whic

14、h are not characterized by evolutionary advancement: those which are selected against (and thereby eliminated) an d those which find niches which permit them to endure in their primitive state. Specifically examines primitive through intermediate societies and intermediate empires.Waddington, C. H.

15、(1975) The Evolution of an Evolutionist, Ithica, New York: Cornell University PressAdds to general philosophy of evolution an emphasis on the importance of learning, adaptation and a clearer distinction between genotypes and phenotypes, and the relationship between them. Addresses specifically the i

16、mportance and existence of genetic assimilation, or the conversion of an acquired character into one not dependent for its appearance on any particular environmental stimulus.Stanley, Steven M (1981) The New Evolutionary Timetable: Fossils, Genes and the Origin of the Species, New York: Basic BooksP

17、resents arguments in support of a punctuational rather than gradualist view of evolution: species survive for hundreds of thousands of generations without evolving much. Most evolution, when it takes place, does so rapidly. Extensive discussion of fossil record, Darwinian/gradualist theories of evol

18、ution, and the directionality of evolution.Ruse, Michael (1982) Darwinism Defended: A Guide to the Evolution Controversies, London: Addison-Wesley Publishing CompanyOutlines the life of Darwin and his theories of evolution, that all flora and fauna of the Earth are the end result of a slow, natural

19、process driven by natural selection. Rebuts criticisms of Darwinian theory as defined above, and criticizes non-Darwinian evolutionary approaches as well as scientific creationism.Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1983) Human Culture: A Moment in Evolution, New York: Columbia University PressDiscusses unique

20、position of human development in Darwinian scheme of evolution. Cultural evolution permits, and forces, mankind to interfere in human biological evolution: Mankind is capable of its own destruction, as well as of consciously guiding its own evolution. Advocates creation of humanistic ethic, ecologic

21、al responsibility and establishment of equality of opportunity as desirable steps in this conscious evolution. Includes critique of non-Darwinian theories, discriminatory theories which use social Darwinism as their justification.Also see Dobzhansky, ed. (1977) Evolution , (1956) The Biological Basi

22、s of Human Freedom, (1955) Evolution, Genetics and Man, and with Boesinger, Human Culture (1983).Eldredge, Niles (1985) Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria, New York: Simon and SchusterOutlines the history and implications of the theory of punct

23、uated equilibria, which states that, once a species evolves, it will usually not undergo significant change as it continues its existence. Cites evidence of the fossil record in support of such species stability. Argues that most anatomical change in evolution is accompanied by the origination of a

24、new species. Examines questions of speciation, adaptation and macroevolution.Chaisson, Eric (1987) The Life Era: Cosmic Selection and Conscious Evolution, New York: The Atlantic Monthly PressPlaces biological evolution within the greater context of cosmic evolution. Discusses the scenario of cosmic

25、evolution, the history of the idea of evolutionary change, and the two preeminent changes of all time: the emergence of matter from energy, and of life from matter. Argues that ethical evolution, or the adoption of a global ethics and integrated worldly culture, is the next major challenge. Failure

26、to successfully adapt to this challenge may result in the negative selection of mankind. Successful adaptation will lead to the realization of the Life Era.Mayr, Ernst (1991) One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressExpl

27、ores the development of Darwins theories and the context within which they originated. Concentrates on the mechanisms of evolution (as opposed to phylogeny) and the historical development of the major concepts and theories of evolutionary biology.Dennett, Daniel C. (1995) Darwins Dangerous Idea: Evo

28、lution and the Meanings of Life, New York: Simon and ShusterA philosophers exploration of Darwins theory of natural selection, and of the controversies that have surrounded it. Intended to inspire students in other disciplines to take evolutionary theory seriously. The idea that all of the fruits of

29、 evolution can be explained as an algorithmic process is Darwins dangerous idea. Doubts the possibility of a science of memetics but thinks that our selfish genes may be transcended by (Dawkins) memes.II. EvolutionismComte, Auguste (1846-54, 1973) System of Positive Polity, or Treatise on Sociology,

30、 New York: Burt FranklinAdvances a typology of three stages of social development, culminating in the peaceful industrial society. Emphasis on intellectual evolution as the force behind social evolution, the necessity of studying intellectual history in evaluating human evolution. The three stages o

31、f human development are: primitive theological, transient metaphysical, and final positive. The corresponding societal stages are military, intermediate and industrial.Also see Comte (1891) Subjective Synthesis; or, Universal System of the Conceptions Adapted to the Normal State of Humanity, and Tho

32、mpson, Kenneth (1975) Auguste Comte: the Foundation of Sociology, New York: John Wiley and SonsSpencer, Herbert (1884-97, 1975) Principles of Sociology, New York: D. Appleton and Co, Greenwood Publishing GroupTraces the evolution of society from militant to industrial, and posits survival of the fit

33、test (chiefly through warfare) as the mechanism of this evolution. Evolution is defined as a change from a state of relatively indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a state of relatively definite, coherent heterogeneity. Proposes classification of societies into simple, compound, doubly-compound and

34、 trebly-compound as defined by the number of levels of political integration, but emphasizes the process rather than the stages of evolution.Also see Spencer (1873) The Study of Sociology and Robert Carneiro, ed. (1974) The Evolution of Society: Selections from Herbert Spencers Principles of Sociolo

35、gy, Chicago: University of Chicago PressKropotkin, Peter (1914, 1972) Mutual Aid, New York: New York University PressProposes that mutual aid, the instinct animals have to assist one another, has played a critical part in the evolution of the animal world and human societies. Relying on Darwin, chal

36、lenges evolutionary theorists who claim that evolution is primarily based on competition or the belligerent use of force. Cooperation rather than conflict lies at the root of evolution. Animals that acquire habits of mutual aid are the fittest. Animal behavior and human social history are analyzed w

37、ith respect to mutual aid. The rise of the modern State, which stresses individualism, has posed a challenge to mutual aid institutions. Sanderson, Steven K. (1990) Social Evolutionism: A Critical History, Cambridge: BlackwellTraces the intellectual history of social evolutionary thought over the la

38、st century and a half to it origins. Makes the distinction between evolutionist theories - those which account for long-term social change in a mysterious manner and evolutionary theories, which explain changes as responses to the requirements of specific historical situations. Also see Sanderson (1

39、991) The Evolution of Societies and World-Systems in Chase-Dunn and Hall, eds., Core/Periphery Relations in Precapitalist WorldsIII. Evolutionary TheoryRoe, Anne and Gaylord Simpson, eds. (1958) Behavior and Evolution, New Haven: Yale University PressA collection of essays which focuses on the integ

40、ration of comparative psychology into modern evolutionary theory. Attempts to show that such a synthesis is desirable and eventually possible. Expounds elements in each discipline that may be applicable in other fields and reviews the present status in such a way as to provide a basis and stimulus f

41、or future construction.Wilson, Edward O. (1975) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Cambridge, MA: Belknap PressDetailed explanation of the concepts and theories of social evolution, social mechanism and the study of social species. Empirical analysis includes studies of animal populations as well as o

42、f human social organization and social evolution.Mayr, Ernst (1976) Evolution and the Diversity of Life, Cambridge, MA: Belknap PressProvides an introduction to and in-depth analysis of evolution, speciation, the history and philosophy of biological evolution, systematic theory, biogeography, and be

43、havior. Special attention is given to definition of the fundamental terms and concepts of the literature, as well as to exploring the theoretical insights and challenges of evolutionary philosophy.Gould, Steven Jay (1977) Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History, New York: W. W. Norton and

44、CompanyArgues that Darwins theories and view of life are consistent with materialist thought, and that they specifically reject notions of purpose or inevitable directionality in evolution. Criticizes the projection of these qualities onto evolutionary theory as self-serving, or the product of Weste

45、rn arrogance. Applies this interpretation of Darwin to questions of geology, human evolution, society and politics.Boulding, Kenneth E. (1978) Ecodynamics: A New Theory of Societal Evolution, Beverley Hills: Sage Publications, Inc.Advances theory of evolution as process of change in genetic structur

46、e, or know-how, which shares similarities at the chemical, biological and social levels. Human development, both sociological and technological, is an extension and acceleration of biological development and is nested within the context of development of the universe. All of these levels are subject

47、 to the processes of mutation, selection and niche creation/destruction. Discussion of evolution at ecological, biological and historical levels.Boorman, Scott A. and Paul R. Levitt (1980) The Genetics of Altruism, New York: Academic PressApplies mathematical population genetics to questions of the

48、comparative evolutionary biology of social behavior. Discusses the development of sociality and altruism through three varieties of selection: group, kin and reciprocity. Also treats characteristics of social behavior as an object of selection.Barash, David P. (1982) Sociobiology and Behavior, 2nd ed., New York: ElevierAn introductory text to the field of contemporary sociobiology, or the evolutionary study of behavior. Includes analysis of altruism, evolutionary game theory, the functional emergence of society, optimality, and the sociobiology of politics. Incorporates empirical studi

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