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1、高考完形填空一、完形填空考什么?1、词汇 1)单词a)四个不相干词辨析 b)同义词、近义词辨析 c)形近词辨析2)词组 a)四个不相干动词词组的辨析 b)相同动词+不同介、副词的辨析 c)不同动词+相同介、副词的辨析 d)固定搭配2、语法 3、上下文的逻辑关系 1)词汇 2)语法二、完形填空解题方法1、运用语篇知识解题1)利用段首句或首段最大限度地获取信息2)分析认识文章结构,理解领会文章各部分、各层次之间的逻辑关系并列关系: and, or转折关系: but, however, nevertheless, whereas, while让步关系: although, though, despi
2、te, in spite of因果关系: due to, owing to, thanks to, because of because, since, as, for so, therefore, thus, as a result条件关系: if, whether unless = if . not, provided that, providing that suppose that, supposing that解释关系: for example, for instance, in other words, that is to say顺序关系: before, after, firs
3、t, second, then, next, finally3)利用上下文寻找解题信息4)排除法 5)代入法 6)固定搭配7)生活常识解题法综述上述方法,以两条主线做完形填空文章主题主题句段落主题主线词汇一致一致关系 语法一致上下文逻辑关系一致三、做完形填空注意事项 1、时间分配 共15分钟: 23分钟浏览 58分钟做题(先易后难) 10分钟后再检查 2、不要轻易改答案 3、学会放弃1首先迅速阅读一遍短文,了解文章大意、结构、以及各部分的逻辑关系。如果时间不多或阅读能力比较强的学生,可以边阅读边做题。对不需要上下文、相对独立的考点(如固定词组,主谓搭配,词义考察等)可马上选择正确答案,对需要上
4、下文的考点(如连词,动词时态等)则暂时跳过,等看完整段或全文后再选择。2语法题:完型填空中有相当一部分考题是语法题,要求学生熟练掌握和运用语法知识,做出正确选择。语法包括时态、语气、非谓语动词、关系代词和关系副词、分句、主动被动及惯用法等语法现象。a)时态:对完型填空中的时态题的判断,可以根据表示时间的信息词来判断,也可以根据上下文提供的信息来判断。表时间的词有: since,before,after,already,everysince,foralongtime,yesterday,in1992,now。b)语气:考生认为困难的是对虚拟语气试题的判断。此类试题一般分两种情况,一种情况是带有表
5、虚拟条件句或短句的词语在问题句中,如without,if等,另一种需要根据上下文或逻辑关系来判断。c)非谓语动词:非谓语动词各自具有不同的语法功能和使用范围。分词作定语和表示原因、时间和伴随状语;不定式作定语和表示目的和结果状语。动名词可以做宾语、主语、表语或介词宾语。因此做非谓语动词的试题,要注意分析其在句中的语法作用,另外还要注意一些词的固定用法,牢固掌握必须跟动名词的动词和必须跟动词不定式的动词也是很必要的。d)替代词:英语中替代词很多,既可以用来替代单词,也可以用来替代词组、短语或句子。常见的有do,so,one,ones,yours,theirs,this,that,those,he
6、,it,they等。完型填空题借用其语篇优势,常设有此类题。考生做这类题时,要仔细分析句子的语义关系,搞清所替代的内容是什么。e)词组、习语和习惯用法:对于这一类选择题,不能利用语法知识进行判断。因此平时的日积月累就十分重要。只有熟悉其意义和用法,才能准确迅速地做出判断。3词汇题:完型填空的词语题一种是词义辨析题,另一种是单纯的测试词义的题。要做好词汇题,考生应掌握词汇的内涵、外延和语法功能,了解近义词的细微差异。4句与句之间的关系:对于这类试题,第一要掌握表示过渡的连接语的用法和含义,如because表示因果关系,but表示转折关系等。第二在没有过渡语的情况下,要结合上下文进行推理和判断,分
7、清句与句之间的逻辑关系。利用文章中心主题句解题方法-利用段首句或首段最大限度地获取信息。 为给学生理解文章奠定基础,使学生更易于理解文章内容,出题者在设计完形填空试题时,总是保留一个完整的、或是大半个完整的表达主旨的句子。大家知道,文章的开头很重要,往往开宗明义点出文章主题。因此,整篇文章的提示句往往在开头。考生应充分利用段首句提供的信息,去挖掘文章的思路,寻找文章的脉络与线索。 2.分析认识文章结构,理解领会文章各部分、各层次之间的逻辑关系。 只有明白文章结构,了解各段落之间的关系,才能加深对文章的理解。明白了各部分是如何为表现主题思想服务的,也就更容易把握带空的句子所需要的是什么内容,因此
8、就更容易选准答案了。这要求考生具有扎实的英语词组、短语、习惯用法等英语搭配的知识,这对于理解文章的逻辑关系特别有利。文章的逻辑关系不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等关系。 表示列举的连词:first, second, third;firstly, secondly, thirdly; first, next, then; in the first place, in the second place; for one thing, for another thing;to begin with, to conclude 表示原因的连词:because, since, as,
9、 now that 表示结果的连词:so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result 表示让步和转折的连词:however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever 表示对照的连词:on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely
10、 表示补充的连词:also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, whats more, too, either, neither, notbut, not onlybut also 表示时间顺序的连词:when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once 表示目的的连词:that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that 表示条件的连词:if, suppose (that), s
11、upposing (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far as, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that) 3.利用上下文寻找解题信息 由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇,围绕一个话题论述,因此在行文中词语的重复、替代、复现和同现现象是不可避免的。根据这个原则,某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现或同现的相关词,考生可以根据这些词之间的有机联系来确定答案。所以,解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索,如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括
12、词等。但由于我们在做题时不可能总是重复地阅读文章,因此,在做完形填空时要培养一种捕捉并记忆相关信息的能力。 4.运用词汇、语法等方面的语言知识及搭配关系解题方法 做题时应注意文章中的搭配: 逻辑搭配:包括过渡词、连接手段、指代关系、肯定、否定等; 语义搭配:包括区别同义词、近义词、反义词、形近异义词、同形异义词; 结构搭配:指名词、动词、形容词等在句中或文中与其他词的搭配; 惯用搭配:即通常所说的固定短语。 5.运用排除法解题方法 如果不能很有把握地直接看出某一道题的答案,可以把排除法和词汇、语法分析结合起来运用,从而缩小选择的范围,提高答题准确率。这种情况有以下几种: 从时态、语态、语气、名
13、词的数等各个角度分析所填内容是否与上下文一致,从而排除一些备选答案,缩小选择范围; 分析空白处与前后词之间的语义关联、搭配关系,从而排除一些选项; 弄清楚该题的句法关系,分析一下它是简单句、并列句,还是复合句; 判断所填的内容在句中充当什么成分,应是什么词性,并分析备选答案之间的异同,从而排除干扰项选出正确答案。 6. 运用背景知识和社会常识解题方法完形填空的解题方法怎样做好完形填空题呢?在复习阶段:首先要熟练地掌握学过的全部语法知识, 牢记习惯用法, 特别是动词短语;注意对动词、名词、形容词、副词等词汇英语意义的真正理解,要懂得词汇的内含,外延,褒贬及一定的修辞色彩;注意他们的同义词、近义词
14、、反义词及其辨析;其次要有计划地多做一些完形填空的练习,要有计划地多阅读一些短文,增强英文阅读能力,提高理解能力。在应考阶段:拿到完形填空试题后, 不要急于动手去做, 必须从语法、习惯用法,内容和常识等多方面综合考虑选项;既要理解文章材料所叙述的表层内容信息,有要理解文章材料中的连贯意义、引申意义等深层意义。那么, 究竟采取什么方法步骤才能取得令人满意的结果呢? 一般来说,作题时应按以下几步进行:1 抓首尾句,打开通道 认真理解短文第一句和结尾句。由于完形填空短文一般不给标题,一时把握不了文章的主题和大意。完形填空短文首句及尾句一般不挖空,它给考生提供了抓住开篇启示和概括总结全文大意的机会。一
15、般来说,一篇文章的首句往往是 观察全文的“窗口”,可以从中得到启示,了解文章的时代背景和概要,因此要特别注意理解第一句话的意思, 有的文章的第一句话就是主题句, 掌握了首句往往就为抓住全文大意打开通道。句尾常常是文章的总结,结论,或点睛之笔,掌握好尾句也有利于掌握全文大意。2 速读全文,了解大意快速通读全文,掌握短文大意。借助首、尾句给予的启示, 快速地把短文从头直尾通读一至二遍,要跳过空格,不陷在一空一格里, 尽力从全局了解大意,这是逐空填词的重要依拒和基础。如果一开始就忙于见一个 空就填一个空, 势必无法从整体上把握全文概要, 造成顾此失彼的错误,甚至影响作题速度。3 综合考虑,逐项填空经
16、过粗读全文,有了个整体印象。 在这个基础上, 就可以根据主题,结合上下文所提供语境,加上自己的常识和分析,进行合乎逻辑的推理,顺理填空。随着理解的逐步深入,答案会自然地从脑海里涌出来,与选项里的某项吻合而得到验证。有的答案的确不容易做出, 这时应注意文章的前后的呼应和对比。有的题目好象几个选项都可以,其实正确的答案上下文已有暗示或明示;特别是有的答案暗含在下文,或直接或间接,只要耐心看下去,根据内容即能做出正确答案。不要忘记在整个作题过程中都要牢记文章的中心思想,把每个空白处得含义与前后句的意思联系起来理解,文章最前面的 空格提出的问题很有可能要到文章的结尾才能找到答案4 上下连贯,合乎逻辑这
17、是从句子结构来考虑。例如:一个空白在两个句子之间, 就要根据上下文的语境和上下文的关系,选用并列连词and ,but, or, however, therefore ,while, for 等连接两个并列句;或用who, which, that, whose , whom, when, where, why 等关系代词和关系副词等连接定语从句,或用 whoever, whatever ,what, who, when, where, how ,why,if, whether ,that 等连接词连接名词性从句,或用when, where, because, unless, though, ev
18、en if , so that 等从属连词,连接各种状语从句。如果我们知道它们的基本用法和彼此间的的区别,填上所选词后使句子的意思和结构都完整,上下连贯,把握住语篇的行文逻辑,那么,选定最佳答案就不难了。5 复读全文,调整答案全部答案选定后,文章完整了,应再从头直尾读一遍。根据复读的语感和对全篇文章的理解,再次将不合题意的答案调整或修改。检查文章是否前后贯通,内容清楚,主题突出。如有些地方意义含混或矛盾,就应该依据文章中心意思来重新考虑。凡不通之处,必有待推敲的疑点,应从意义,语法,行文逻辑等方面仔细权衡,加以改正。例如:从语法上,检查一下所完成的句子是否主谓一致;时态、语态是否正确;名词、代
19、词的性、格是否一致;动词、名词、形容词与介词或副词等的搭配是否准确无误。对于个别难度较大的空项,可以凭着自己的语感,坚持第一感觉选择的答案。历年高考完形填空常用词汇总结动词类:1“看” look看的动作/ see看的结果; watch观察/observe为了研究进行的观察; Notice注意catch sight of看见/ stare好奇地看/ glare瞪着看 Glance瞅见/glimpse瞥见 see a film watch TV2“说” telll sth to sb.=tell sb sth告诉的内容 talk with sb about sth强调说话者之间的交流 Say st
20、h诉说的内容 speak in English说的语言 whisper sth to sb 耳语 Inform sb of sth 通知某人某事 reason /talk/persuade sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事 Bargain讨价还价 chat聊天 repeat重复 explain解释 warn警告 remind提醒 Discuss 讨论debate辩论 figure 指出declare宣布 claim自称 mention 提起 admit 承认deny 否绝 describe描述 announce 公布 introduce 介绍complain抱怨 3“叫” c
21、ry哭叫 call叫 shout大喊 scream尖叫 moan呻吟 sigh叹气 quarrel大吵 4“问” ask 询问 interview 采访 express表达 question审问5“答” answer回答 respond回应(用其他方式回应) reply回复 6 “听” listen to听的动作 hear听的结果 pick up收听 overhear无意听到 7“写” dictate听写 write sth 写 describe描写 drop a line 写信 draw画 take down/write down写下,记下8“拿/放” take拿走 bring拿来 hold
22、举着 carry扛,挑 (无方向性) fetch拿来拿去 lift举 Put放 lay 铺/放置 pull拉/push推 9“抓” take hold of 抓着 seize紧抓 grasp 握住 scratch 抠10“打” hit一次性的打击 beat不间断的打击 strike突然的击打/突然想到 blow吹刮 attack攻击 11“扔” throw扔 drop掉 放弃 错过 fall 倒下无意掉下来 wave 招手 shake摇12“送” send寄送 deliver递送 give给 offer 主动给予 see off给某人送行13“摸/抱” touch摸 /fold折叠 /embr
23、ace拥抱 / hug抱/hold 握 in ones arms14“踢/碰” kick踢/knock敲/ tip 轻敲15“行” walk run climb jump skip 单腿跳 slip溜 come/go enter进入 move搬迁 drive开车 ride 骑fly crawl 匍匐前进16“坐” sit down be seated seat oneself take a seat/ stand站,耸立/ lean斜靠17“睡/休息” lie /on ones back/ on one side/ on ones stomach stay in bed have a rest
24、 take a nap打盹 be asleep bend turn over翻身 rest 18“笑” smile 微笑(不出声) laugh burst into laughter burst out laughing 19“哭” cry shed tears 留泪 weep呜咽地哭 sob抽泣 burst into tears /burst out crying20“找/查” find找到 look for正在找过程 find out查明 discover/explore 发现/探索 hunt for search for seek / seek for in search of寻找 Se
25、arch sb 搜身 search sp. for sth 为某物而搜寻某地 Check检查,核实 examine 考察发现问题/体检 test检测,检验 inspect视察21“穿” put on 动作 wear穿戴 have on试穿 be dressed in 穿的状态 make-up化装 get changed换衣服 be in red Take off 脱 remove 去除22“吃/喝” eat/drink sip吮吸 have a meal have supper toast taste treat sb to请某人吃 help oneself to 随便吃23“得” get o
26、btain acquire获得知识和技能 gain possess 24“失” lose 丢了 be lost /be missing人错过失踪,不见 gone不见(物) great loss die die off相继死去 die away 逐渐消失25“有” have 有 own是自己的 conquer征服 occupy占有=possess 26“无” nothing left the remaining thing disappear be missing /gone27“增/减” rise / go up /drop 人主动抬价 raise /bring down /reduce in
27、crease/decrease28“买/卖” buy purchase afford pay pay off pay for sell on sale bargain Bill / cheque / cash/ credit card notes/ coins discounts29“存在/消失”come into being exist appear survive live show turn up Disappear die die out pass away be out of sight30“变化” develop improve become grow go+ bad /wrong
28、/ sour /without( negative adj.) turn + colour change /change into reform 31“认识的过程”feel sense guess suppose wonder doubt know /learn realizeUnderstand remember be familiar with recall recite apply to 32“成功/失败”make it succeed make progress come true realize ones dream win Lose fail to do failure defea
29、t suffer loss beat turn sth. Into reality 33“努力” try /manage make efforts attempt do ones best do as much as one can to do 34祝贺 congratulations on sb celebrate observe 庆祝 get together 聚会35赞美/批评 praise think highly of / blame sb for sth/ sb is to blame criticize /scold sb. for sth. have a low opinion
30、 of sb Speak ill of 36喜/恶 like love be fond of be keen on be crazy about adore be into prefer enjoy in favor of Dislike hate be awful/disgusting ignore turn off 37判断 think believe consider find feel conclude infer doubt 38到达 arrive at reach return to get to stay in sp visit leave leave for on ones w
31、ay to upon ones arrival on doing sth39受伤 hurt injured wound cut kill drown bleed get burnt suffer from suffer a loss40损坏 damage destroy ruin break down be broken crash 41修复 repair rebuild restore fix recover oneself 42支持/反对 agree disagree accept receive refuse turn down be against elect vote for/ ag
32、ainst43 做饭 cook wash cut chop boil fry steam make mix clean brush cover uncover cooker 44 建议 advise suggest recommend urge propose demand persuade 说服45 花费 sth/doing sth+cost sb+spend+ in doing sth Sb+afford +n/to do sth It +take some time/ money/energy +to do sth sb+ pay+$ for sth. at ones expense 4
33、6 省/存钱 save /save up set aside put away spare no effort/ time 47 参加 take part in join /join in attend compete in/ for/against 48控告 accuse sb. of charge sb. With 49 救治 help /help out save /rescue sb from sth. Treat过程 / cure 结果sb. Of sth Aid sb in doing sth / to do sth help sb with sth assist sb in do
34、ing sth 50敬佩 admire respect show respect for/to adore envy /be jealousy in honor of51逃避 ran away escape from flee hide 52 阻止/禁止 prevent / keep/ stop sb. From doing sth forbid doing sth. Ban prohibit 53 对付/处理 handle / do with / deal with /tackle /overcome sth solve settle 54 效仿 copy imitate learn fro
35、m learn 54 爆发/发生 come about happen to take place break out burst out go off explosion 55安装/装备 fasten fix set equip be armed with 用什么武装 be equipped with装备有 56 追求 pursuit ran after seek after chase catch up with赶上 keep up with跟上57 想/考虑 think of 考虑/+as把什么看成 think about想起 consider think over仔细考虑 be conc
36、erned 担心 be considerate towards sb.58 打算 plan / intend / design to do be going to do /be about to do /will do 59 似乎/好象 seem appear look like as if as though 60 开办/关闭 open start set up close/close up end close down 名词类“1假期vacation holiday spring break ask for leave be on holiday have two days off2旅游
37、trip journey tour voyage travel tourist passenger go camping/picnicking/hiking 3职务人员 clerk secretary passer-by friend minister manager waitress guest host hostess Assistant customer adult neighbor relative patient /vet staff crew nurse teacher Conductor tailor sailor inventor gardener guard 4餐馆/定餐/就
38、餐 inn restaurant kitchen menu bill order tip fork and knife reserve /book table Taste delicious salad dash vegetables fruit tray napkin 5诊所/看病/服药 clinic hospital take ones temperature take medicine/pills have a fever/flu/headache doctor physician surgeon specialist patient6车站/机场 airport on board mis
39、s the train/bus catch a train meet sb.7身体部位 arm head hair brain waist back shoulder pulse wrist8意志 will courage patience determination faith effort confidence ambition energy9才能/品质 talent gift ability potential intelligent promising smart stupid careful proud Strict honest cold serious easy-going le
40、arned knowledgeable 10优缺点 advantage disadvantage strength weakness 11目标 aim goal intention purpose belief faith 12方式 means method way manner approach13身体素质 strong weak pale sick ill be well keep slim/ fit cut weight/put on weight 14图表 photo picture graph drawing table line/bar graph pie chart draw a
41、 sketch 划草图15文章 reading translation essay poem paper novel/fiction article magazine newspaper journal 日志 diary日记 Files form make a list of16课堂class course lecture example reason message notes words phrase scholarship degree Subject question trouble difficulty grades read comment marks17 学校活动 match g
42、ame activity hold a meeting /debate /speech/ ceremony 18建议/观点 advice suggestion idea proposal view recommandation19气候/天气 climate weather storm windy cloudy rainy snow hot/cold/freezing/heat/warmth 20交通 by train/bus /boat bike on the train/bus /a bike drive a car ride a bike give sb. a lift/ride21习惯
43、habit custom get used to regular有规律的(形容词) practice惯例(名词)22感觉 sight hearing touch smell sense 23情感 feeling emotion anger delight sadness sorrow 24 财富 money possessions wealth belongings fortunes treasure diamond be rich/well-off25 运动比赛 on the playground on the track and filed pitch event game match s
44、ports player Coach judge jogging weightlifting play volleyball/soccer/26衣服 clothes, cloth, clothingclothes统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数, cloth指布,为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称,指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of27事件 incident, accident incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故形容词类1人的各种感受 乐happy delighted to ones joy pleased amused 悲 sad u
45、nhappy painful bitter平静 calm quiet silent/still peaceful烦bother bored be fed up with 震惊 surprised astonished shocked /amazed 怕 in fear be frightened /scared /afraid失望desperate disappointed hopeless be depressed满意be satisfied with /be content to do 生气 Annoyed angry disgusting burst into rage 2 表程度的副词类 narrowly/ Nearly/ almost hardly/ hard extremely/ very very/ quite Accidently/ once in a while occasionaly/ once far / by far Farth