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1、Great ExpectationsThis was Dickens second-to-last complete novel. It was first published as a weekly series in 1860 and in book form in 1861. Early critics had mixed reviews, disliking Dickens tendency to exaggerate both plot and characters, but readers were so enthusiastic that the 1861 edition req
2、uired five printings. Similar to Dickens memories of his own childhood, in his early years the young Pip seems powerless to stand against injustice or to ever realize his dreams for a better life. However, as he grows into a useful worker and then an educated young man he reaches an important realiz
3、ation: grand schemes and dreams are never what they first seem to be. Pip himself is not always honest, and careful readers can catch him in several obvious contradictions between his truth and fantasies. Victorian-era audiences were more likely to have appreciated the melodramatic scenes and the re
4、vised, more hopeful ending. However, modern critics have little but praise for Dickens brilliant development of timeless themes: fear and fun, loneliness and luck, classism and social justice, humiliation and honor. Some still puzzle over Dickens revision that ends the novel with sudden optimism, an
5、d they suggest that the sales of Dickens magazine All the Year Round, in which the series first appeared, was assured by gluing on a happy ending that hints Pip and Estella will unite at last. Some critics point out that the original ending is better because it is more realistic since Pip must earn
6、the self-knowledge that can only come from giving up his obsession with Estella. However, Victorian audiences eagerly followed the story of Pip, episode by episode, assuming that the protagonists love and patience would win out in the end. Modern editions contain both denouements for the reader to c
7、hoose a preference.Plot SummaryThe First Stage of Pips Expectations Charles Dickens Great Expectations opens as seven-year-old Philip Pirrip, known as Pip, visits the graves of his parents down in the marshes near his home on Christmas Eve. Here he encounters a threatening escaped convict, who frigh
8、tens Pip and makes him promise to steal food and a file for him. Pip steals some food from his brother-in-law, the blacksmith Joe Gargery, and his cruel sister Mrs. Joe, with whom he lives, and takes it to the convict the next day. The convict is soon caught and returned to the Hulks, the prison shi
9、ps from which he had escaped.Pip is invited to visit the wealthy Miss Havisham, and to play with her adopted daughter, Estella. Miss Havisham lives in the gloomy Satis House, and Pip discovers her to be an extremely eccentric woman. Having been abandoned on her wedding day many years earlier, Miss H
10、avisham has never changed out of her wedding dress since that time, and nothing in the house, including the rotting wedding cake covered with spider webs, has been touched since she discovered that her fiance had left her and had cheated her out of a great deal of money. Miss Havisham has raised Est
11、ella to be a cold and heartless woman who will avenge her adopted mother by breaking the hearts of men.Pip continues to visit Satis House to play with Estella, and he begins to fall in love with her, despite the fact that she is rude and condescending to him. Because of Miss Havishams interest in hi
12、m, Pips family and friends speculate on his future prospects, and Pip attempts to improve those prospects by asking his friend, the orphaned Biddy, to tutor him. Eventually, Miss Havisham gives Pip some money, tells him his services are no longer needed, and that it is time for him to be apprenticed
13、 to his brother-in-law, Joe. Pip is disappointed.One day Pip learns that someone has broken into his home and that his sister, Mrs. Joe, has been injured with a great blow to the back of the head. Biddy moves in to help take care of her and the household and continues to tutor Pip, with whom she is
14、falling in love. Biddy believes that it was Orlick, a contemptuous employee of Joes, who injured Mrs. Joe. Biddy also fears that Orlick is falling in love with her. Pip continues to work for Joe, visiting Miss Havisham every year on his birthday, and constantly regretting his desire for a more comfo
15、rtable lifestyle and his infatuation with Estella.Some time later a stranger visits Pip and informs him that an anonymous benefactor would like to transform him into a gentleman. The stranger, a lawyer named Jaggers, will administer Pips new income and suggests that Pip move to London and take a man
16、 named Matthew Pocket as his tutor, who happens to be a relative of Miss Havisham. Pip assumes that Miss Havisham is his mysterious benefactor. Pip buys himself some new clothes and bidding his family farewell, slips out of town on his own, embarrassed to be seen in his new outfit with Joe.The Secon
17、d Stage of Pips Expectations In London, Pip lodges with Pockets son Herbert. Pip also becomes friends with John Wemmick, Jaggers clerk, and learns that Jaggers is a famous lawyer who is noted for his work in defending prisoners and thieves who face execution. Wemmick takes Pip home to dinner one nig
18、ht, and Pip is intrigued by his house, which resembles a tiny castle, complete with drawbridge and moat, where Wemmick lives with his elderly and stone-deaf father, whom he calls the Aged P. Pip is also invited to dine at Jaggers house, where he meets Jaggers sullen housekeeper, Molly.Joe comes to L
19、ondon to bring a message to Pip, who is embarrassed to have Joe visit him. The message is from Miss Havisham, who invites Pip to come to see Estella, who is visiting her mother. Going to Satis House at once, Pip is surprised to find that Orlick is now Miss Havishams watchman, and he tells Jaggers th
20、at the man should be dismissed. Not long after this, Pip learns that his sister has died, and he returns home for her funeral. While he is there, he promises Biddy that he will visit Joe often in the future, but Biddy expresses her doubt that he actually will do so:I am not going to leave poor Joe a
21、lone.Biddy said never a single word.Biddy, dont you hear me?Yes, Mr. Pip.Not to mention your calling me Mr. Pip which appears to me to be in bad taste, Biddy what do you mean?What do I mean? asked Biddy, timidly.Biddy, said I, in a virtuously self-asserting manner, I must request to know what you me
22、an by this?By this? said Biddy.Now dont echo, I retorted. You used not to echo, Biddy.Used not! said Biddy. O Mr. Pip! Used! Biddy, said I, I made a remark respecting my coming down here often, to see Joe, which you received with a marked silence. Have the goodness, Biddy, to tell me why.Are you qui
23、te sure, then, that you WILL come to see him often? asked Biddy, stopping in the narrow garden walk, and looking at me under the stars with a clear and honest eye.Oh dear me! said I, as if I found myself compelled to give up Biddy in despair. This really is a very bad side of human nature! Dont say
24、any more, if you please, Biddy. This shocks me very much.The Third Stage of Pips Expectations One day Pip is visited by a stranger, and soon recognizes him to be the convict to whom he had brought food years ago. The convict, Abel Magwitch, has made a fortune as a sheep farmer in New South Wales, Au
25、stralia, and he has prided himself on having used his money to make a gentleman out of the little boy who had helped him long ago. Pip is shocked and embarrassed to learn that it is the convict who has given him his great expectations and not Miss Havisham.Magwitch tells him of his history, and how
26、he became involved with another more gentlemanly criminal who got him into trouble, and yet was punished less severely when they were both caught. Pip and Herbert deduce that this criminal is Compeyson, the man who schemed with his partner, Arthur, to swindle Miss Havisham of her money. Arthur was s
27、upposed to marry Miss Havisham to get her money, but his conscience caused him to abandon her at the alter when he couldnt go through with the plan. Because Magwitch faces certain death if he is discovered in England, Pip and Herbert concoct a plan for helping him escape unnoticed.Planning to leave
28、the country with Magwitch, Pip pays Miss Havisham a call. The old lady admits that she allowed Pip to believe that she was his benefactress, and Pip asks her to help him with a plan he has to set Herbert up in business anonymously. Pip is shocked to learn that Estella plans to marry his doltish acqu
29、aintance Bentley Drummle. Dining one night with Jaggers, Pip learns more about the housekeeper Mollys history. Having been accused of killing another woman involved with her husband and having threatened to murder her own daughter, Molly was successfully defended by Jaggers. Recognizing her face and
30、 hands, Pip realizes with astonishment that Molly is the mother of Estella.Pip is summoned to Miss Havishams again, where the old lady begs Pip to forgive her. After leaving her, Pip is disturbed and decides to return to the house to look in on her. He finds the poor old woman ablaze, having sat too
31、 close to the fire, and he is burned while trying to put out the flames. Later Pip learns of Miss Havishams death, and that she has left money to Herbert, as he had requested. Returning to London, he learns the story of Magwitchs wife, and deduces that Magwitch was married to Molly, and therefore is
32、 Estellas father.Summoned back to the marshes near his old home by a mysterious note, Pip narrowly escapes death when he is attacked by a vengeful Orlick and rescued just in time by some local villagers. He returns to London where he and Herbert carry out their plan to sneak Magwitch onto a steamer
33、on the Thames. Their plans fail, however. They are attacked by another boat, and Magwitch is severely wounded. As the kind old Magwitch is dying, Pip tells him of his daughter Estella.After being nursed out of a serious illness by the devoted Joe, Pip joins the business partnership he has establishe
34、d for Herbert in the East. After eleven years, he returns to England and visits Joe and Biddy, who have married and have a family. He also meets Estella, who has left her husband, on the property of the now demolished Satis House. This time, Pip says that I saw no shadow of another parting from her.
35、In Dickens original version, Pip and Estella part with the understanding that they will probably never see each other again, but in the revised version, Dickens makes the ending more optimistic by implying that they will, indeed, have a future together someday.CharactersEstella Adopted by Miss Havis
36、ham at the age of two or three, Estella is taught from then on to reject all who love her. This is Miss Havishams vengeance in reaction to her romantic disappointment by Arthur. About the same age as Pip, Estella acts much older than he does and snubs or insults him more often than merely ignoring h
37、is attempts at friendship or love. In this, she is quite honest with Pip, for she has been raised to be cruel, to tolerate or to brush off love, and to reject it later in order to watch the man suffer. Miss Havishams success in raising a cold-hearted beauty is too much for her, however, for Estella
38、can feel no love for the old woman either. Thus, Estella cannot help but to refuse to give Pip any hope of marriage whenever he confesses his love. Instead, she tells him that she will ruin the man she does marry and why not, when she cares for no one? When she becomes engaged to Bentley Drummle, Pi
39、p cannot talk her out of marrying such a brutal man. In the novels revised ending, when Estella meets Pip years later she has had a daughter (also named Estella) by Drunmmle, who has died. Estella has survived, but she has been bent and broken by the doomed marriage. She has never found out who her
40、biological parents were because Miss Havisham has led her to assume that they were dead. More tragically, Estella has never learned to care about anyones happiness, not even her own.Joe Gargery Joe is Pips uncle and surrogate father, but also a fellow-sufferer from his wifes nasty temper and violent
41、 behavior. He is a rough, strong working man who generally keeps his emotions to himself. According to Joe, whenever he had tried to protect young Pip from his sisters abuse, she not only hit Joe too but hurt Pip the heavier for it. Joe gladly takes Pip on as his apprentice at the forge and misses h
42、im terribly when Pip leaves for London; however, he will not stand in the way of Pips good fortune. After Mrs. Joe is attacked, he nurses her with the help of Biddy, whom he marries after Mrs. Joe dies. He also gently and lovingly nurses Pip back to health in London. An uneducated man, he learns eno
43、ugh about writing from Biddy to leave Pip a letter to say goodbye, misspelling his own name Jo as Pip had done as a child. Of all of the characters in the novel, Joe is one who does not change, remaining tough yet childlike in love. If he has a weakness, it is a tendency to look on the bright side w
44、hen there isnt one, which seemed a bit foolish to Pip as a teenager. Yet in spite of Joes hard life, he remains good-natured, easy-going, and unfailingly devoted to Pip and Biddy.Miss Havisham Always dressed in the wedding gown in which she had once planned to be married, Miss Havisham is colorless,
45、 from her hair to her faded white shoes, of which she wears only one. She wants Pip to play with Estella to act out her love-turned-hatred for the man who jilted her on their wedding day. She has left the house as it was then, even the items on her dressing table. The great room across from her cham
46、ber is likewise untouched; the cake, now eerily covered with spiders and dusty cobwebs, is in the middle of the long dining table. It is her wish that this table be cleared only when she is dead so that she may be laid on it for her wake. By arranging for repeated contact between the children, Miss
47、Havisham intends that Pip will fall in love with the frosty Estella, and she constantly reminds Pip to love her, love her, love her! She rewards Pips visits with coins and does not contradict him when Pip is sure that she is his anonymous benefactor. When Pip continues to visit them from London, Mis
48、s Havisham is still anxious for him to admire Estella. However, when Estella makes plans to marry Bentley Drummle, Miss Havisham finds that she has done too well in teaching Estella to be a cold, cruel lover. Estella plans to leave her and will not, and probably cannot, express any love for Miss Hav
49、isham. When the old ladys clothing accidentally catches on fire, she is saved by Pip who rolls her in the tablecloth from the great room. Her doctor orders her bed to be brought in and arranged on the table, fulfilling her wish to be laid in state where her wedding feast had once been. Before she dies, she honors Pips request for money for his friend, Herbert Pocket, amazed that Pip wants nothing for himself. Sh
