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1、名词 代词 数词 语法专项突破 九中许红梅一 名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es
2、leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母
3、加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-mont
4、hs, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police
5、, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜
6、), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
7、将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加
8、s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holi
9、day 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view,
10、 a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed注：不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数 中国人 theChinese, aChinese, twoChinese 瑞士人 theSwiss, aSwiss, twoSwiss
11、澳大利亚人theAustralians, anAustralian, twoAustralians 俄国人 theRussians, aRussian, twoRussians意大利人 theItalians, anItalian, twoItalians 希腊人 theGreek, aGreek, twoGreeks 法国人 theFrench, aFrenchman, twoFrenchmen 日本人 theJapanese, aJapanese, twoJapanese 美国人 theAmericans, anAmerican, twoAmericans 印度人 theIndians,
12、anIndian, twoIndians 加拿大人 theCanadians, aCanadian, twoCanadians 德国人 theGermans, aGerman, twoGermans 英国人 theEnglish, anEnglishman, twoEnglishmen 瑞典人 theSwedish, aSwede, twoSwedes名词练习1. The _ of the room were covered with _. A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves2. There a
13、re three _ in our factory. A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor3. Which do you prefer _ or _? A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes4. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office.
14、 A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chiefs C. editors-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs5. The ant has two _. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs6. He doesnt like _ for supper. A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks7.
15、 It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming. A. so B. such C. so as D. such a8. _ wonderful space they saw on the room! A. How B. How a C. What D. What a9. We know _ travels not so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound10. My family raise a lot of _, including two _. A. c
16、attle, cows B. cows, cattle C. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles11. A number of soldiers _ at he camp gate（军营门口）. A. have gathered B. has gathered C. is D. was12. The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car. A. deal B. amount C. number D. size13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples
17、 living standard. A. Many B. A great many C. A great deal of D. A number of14. Mr Li shook _ warmly with a friend. A. hand B. a hand C. hands D. the hands15. Two _, please. A. coffee B. coffees C. cup of coffee D. cups coffee16. I cant pay as _ as he asked for. A. high price a B. high price C. a hig
18、h price D. high a price17. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly. A. Mans B. Mens C. Mens D. Persons18.I stayed at _. A. Xiao Wangs B. Wangs home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang19. Sister Carrie works in a _ factory. A. shoes B. shoses C. shoe D. shoes20. Have you ever read _? A. today newspaper B. new
19、spaper today C. newspaper of today D. todays newspaper21. Two _ walk didnt made me tired. A. hour B. hours C. hours D. hours22. The mother over there is _ mother. A. Julia and Mary B. Julia and Marys C. Julias and Marys D. Julias and Mary23. Li Mings handwriting is better than _ in the class. A. any
20、ones B. anyone else C. anyones elses D. anyone elses24. The children are playing _ on the _. A. sand, sand B. sands, sands C. sand, sands D. sands, sand25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _. A. set B. one C. copy D. pair26. Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days. A. walk B. ride C.
21、trip D. travel27. We have no _ about where she has gone. A. information B. news C. message D. flash28. Food and _ are daily necessities（需要）for the people. A. cloth B. clothe C. clothes D. clothing29. My _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be. A. strength B. sense C. power D. skill30. The _ cau
22、sed by carelessness _ yesterday. Many workers were killed. A. incident, was happened B. matter, happened C. event, was taken place D. accident, took place31. The room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart. A. beating B. ways C. knocking D. striking32. _ has been told not to throw waste
23、 things anywhere. A. The public B. People C. Women D. Man33. He was an _ in the government _. A. office, official B. official, office C. officer, office D. official, officer34. There are several _ in this novel who are different in _. A. character, character B. characters, characters C. character, c
24、haracters D. characters, character35. We visited him _ when he was in hospital. A. every other days B. each other day C. every other day D. every two day36. My friend will return in _. A. one day or two B. a day or two C. one day or two D. a or two days37. _ is always difficult for me. A. Translatio
25、n B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation38. _ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise. A. Translation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation39. The police _ looking into the matter now. A. be B. is C. are D. are going to40. The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people
26、. A. the B. a C. / D. one41. No news _ good news. A. is B. are C. have D. has42. Maths still _ very difficult for me, though I have done my best. A. looks B. seems C. is D. are43. “Where _ my trousers?” the boy asked. A. is B. was C. were D. are44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are _. A. in ni
27、ce spirits B. in nice spirit C. in high spirits D. in high spirit45. I saw many _ seated in the corner reading something. A. Japanese B. Japaneses C. of Japanese D. of Japaneses46. Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble. A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices47. We are _ a
28、nd they are _. A. Englishmen, Germans B. Englishmen, German C. Englishmans, Germans D. Englishmen, Germen48. _ are made of _. A. A glass, a glass B. Glasses, glass C. The glass, the glass D. Glasses, glasses49. Ill have to buy _ trousers. A. a B. two C. a pair of D. a couple of50. There are two _ in
29、 our class. A. Liu B. Lius C. Lius D. Lius51. _ is needed in cold countries. A. A lot of clothes B. Much clothing C. Many a cloth D. Lots of clothes52. They are _. A. mathematics student B. mathematic students C. students in mathematics D. mathematics students53. The laboratory assistant recorded th
30、e _ reactions（反应）. A. mouses B. mice C. mices D. mices54. This letter was sent by _.A. my father friend B. my father friends C. a friend of my fathers D. a friend of my father55. Ten years had passed. I found she had _. A. a little white hair B. some white hair C. a few white hair D. a few white hai
31、rs56. I have made _ with Billy. A. friends B. friend C. a friend D. the friend57. The population of Beijing is _ than that of Xian. A. more B. larger C. fewer D. small58. There are thirty-two _ in our school. A. woman teacher B. women teacher C. women teachers D. woman teachers59. He had tried every
32、thing but it made little_ .A. use B. good C. difference D. result60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no_ in sending the blood to the dying man.A. wait B. delay C. time D. hurry61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any_ .A. excuse B. sense C. use
33、 D. value62. -How dare you play on such thin ice? -Playing on ice is not my _of spare time.A. idea B. thought C. mind D. intention63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the_ .A. travel B. tourism C. journey D. course64. One splendid mou
34、ntain_ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.A. view B. glance C. screen D. scene65.The new law will come into _on the day it is passed. (1999上海)A. effect B. use C. service D. existence66. When you play football, what _do you play?A. situation B. place C. part D. position67
35、. Its important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the_in language studies.A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation68. I wrote him a letter to show my _of his thoughtfulness.A. achievement B. agreement C. view D. appreciation69. One of the advantages of living on the top
36、floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good_ .A. sight B. scene C. view D. look70. Nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of _are widely used in the country.A. energy B. force C. power D. materials71. _with foreign countries can bring us much information about the world.A. Contrast B. Competition C. Contact D. Combination72. We all know that_speak louder than words. A. movements B. performances C. operations D. actions73.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.(NMET1997 38)A. fact B. reality C. practice D. deed 74.Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we hav
