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1、Grammar,由罗湘衡、罗梦瑾整理,英语语法构成示意图,第一讲,名词、代词、数词、冠词、介词、连词,Countable and uncountable 可数与不可数Plural 复数Genitive 名词属格,1.Nouns,基本知识点,1.1 Countable and uncountable,名词根据其语法特征可分为可数名词与不可数名词。需注意的是，一些名词既可以看作是可数的“个体”，又可以看作是不可数的物质或材料。如：He ate a whole chicken!Would you like some chicken?又如：a glass玻璃杯/glass玻璃 a wood 一片树林/
2、wood 木头、木材,可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：,1.2 Plural,英语的可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。主要需注意以下4点。以元音+oeg:videos;studios以oo结尾 eg:zoos;bamboos;kangaroos一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)eg:pianos一些缩写词 eg:kilos;photos;memos一些专有名词 eg:Eskimos;Filipinos以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;beliefs;chiefs 一些希腊或拉丁外来语的复数。如：analysisanalysesbas
3、isbases mediummediaCriterioncriteria stimulusstimuliindexindices(indexes),单数和复数形式各具不同意义的名词。如：air/airs 空气/神气content/contents 含量/目录custom/customs 习惯/关税 单复数同行的名词，需根据上下文意义判断它们是单数还是复数概念。如：Chinese,sheep-单复数词形完全一样fish,crab-在指不同个体或种类时，又有单复数之分works,means,species-本身以s、es结尾的名词,1.3 Genitive/Possessive Case,名词属格
4、又称所有格，是英语名词表示“所有”等意义而采取的一种语法形式。可表示所有、主谓、动宾关系，也可表示事物的来源、类别等。s 属格的使用。A.主要用于表示有生命的名词(childrens toys)B.国家机关、社团及一些地理名称(Hong Kongs tourism)C.用于船只、飞机等(the ships propeller 螺旋桨)D.常用的一些习语(arms reach,at ones wits end,to ones hearts content),of 属格的使用A.主要用于表示无生命的名词(the shade of the tree)B.表示东西的一部分和抽象概念(the botto
5、m of the box,the cost of living)C.“名词+of”有时可以代替动词不定式.The removal of books from this library is forbidden.Its forbidden to remove books from this library.,双重属格。兼有两种属格结构的后置修饰语叫双重属格。双重属格的特点有：A.of后面的名词必须指人，而且是特指的。I met a friend of my doctors.B.of 前面不能是专有名词,只能是由a,any,some 等词修饰的。a daughter/some daughters
6、of Mrs.Smiths.C.of前面的名词可以和等形容词性指示代词连用，表示一些感情色彩。That silly Uncle of yours has told me the same joke five times.,代词属于封闭词类，通常用来指代名词或名词词组，有时还可指代更深一层的语法结构。在此，主要复习以下3种代词的用法。Personal pronouns 人称代词Reflexive pronouns 反身代词Relative pronouns 关系代词,基本知识点,2.Pronouns,人称代词,人称代词（Personal pronouns）在指称上的特殊性：it 指代婴儿；she
7、,her常指称轮船、汽车和国家；we,you 有时可泛指一般人；one 有时做单数人称代词，有时可泛指人们。如：,When the repairs had been done,she was a fine and beautiful ship.We eat to live,not live to eat.One has to think of the practical side of things.,反身代词,反身代词说明动词的宾语或间接宾语与其主语所指人或物相同，它一般不单独作主语。反身代词的强调用法The engine itself is all right,but the light
8、are badly damaged.常接反身代词的动词behave oneself,blame oneself,defend oneself,absent oneself(from),avail oneself of（利用）,pride oneself on（使得意）,关系代词,关系代词具有代词和连词双重功能：既可以指代提到的人或物，又可连接主句和从句。指人时，在从句中作主语多用who，作宾语时多用whom。注：先行词是泛指时，who 可用that代替，特指时仍用who；在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that，只能用who 或whom代表人，用which代表事物。The uncle who ca
9、me to see us last week lives in the country.My sister,who is a nurse,came home for a few days.,关系代词,指物时，可使用which 或that。注：当介词放在关系代词的前面时只能用which；当anything,all,much,any,everything,a few 及the only one等词在句子中作先行词时，多用that。如：The house in which we live is not large.Everything that can be done has been done.其
10、他关系代词：as可用作关系代词，但它主要用于suchas,the sameas,so/asas结构；but也可用作关系代词，意思接近that（who）not.Such people as you describe is rare nowadays.Few of us but admire his courage.,数词分为两大类：基数词和序数词，前者表示事物的数目，后者表示序列中的事物。在此，主要复习以下2个知识点。倍数的表示法(multiple)不定数目的表示法,基本知识点,3.Numerals,1.times+noun/pronoun The earth is 49 times the s
11、ize of the moon.2.times+as+adj./adv.+asWe have spent 3 times as much time on Project A as on Project B.3.times+comparative+(than)The time we have spent on Project A is 3 times longer than that on Project B.,倍数的表示法,1.使用about,approximately,around,estimated,roughly,some 等词和in the neighborhood of,in the
12、 rough,more or less,or so,or thereabout,somewhere about 等短语.如：China has a population of approximately 1.3 billion.An estimated 50,000 books are kept in our library.She looks to be in the neighborhood of 50.The distance light travels in one second is somewhere about 300,000 kilometers.试用不同短语翻译：大约有700
13、0名学生参加了会议。,不定数目的表示法,2.用and 或or 连接两个相邻的并列数词。如：The students came into the classroom by twos and threes（三三两两、零星地）.This problem can be solved by the computer in five or six minutes（很短时间内）.又如：in threes and fours 三五成群,不定数目的表示法,3.用dozen,score,thousand等数词的复数形式表示不定数目，后常接of短语。如:Dozens of reference books are t
14、o be used in the research.Their friendship stretched over scores of years.There are tens/hundreds/thousands/millions of students who are interested in this subject.,不定数目的表示法,4.1 概念冠词是一个虚词,它置于名词之前,限定名词的意义.冠词可分为定冠词,不定冠词和零冠词三类.定冠词：the不定冠词：a/an,4.Article 冠词,4.2 不定冠词a/an的用法：,a：用于辅音发音开头的词前,E.g.a book;a bi
15、ke;a dog an：用于元音发音开头的词前E.g.an apple;an owl.比较：a useful machine,an umbrella a horse,an hour,4.3 定冠词the的用法,1)指上文提到过的人或物;2)在世界上独一无二的事物前;E.g.the sun,the moon,the earth,the universe3)表方位的名词和形容词最高级前;E.g.the first,the best,in the south4)在复数姓氏前加the，表示一家人，常看成复数;E.g.the Browns,the Whites5)在形容词前加the，表示同一类人E.g.
16、the poor,the rich,the young,the old,不使用定冠词the的几种情况：,1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不 用冠词;E.g.in summer,in August 2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词;E.g.have breakfast,play football 3)一些固定词组中不用冠词;E.g.go to bed,go to school,by bus,at night,有无the时的意义区别：,在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of：在前面,in the front of 在范围内的前部 in hospital(生病
17、)住院,in the hospital 在医院里,概念:介词表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系.介词：in,on,at,to,above,over,below,under,after,from,since,through,across,between,among,by,with,except,besides,etc.,5.PREPOSITION 介词,5.1 各种介词的指示意义,.表示地点位置；1)at,in,on,to 在（位置）2)above,over,on 在上 3)below,under 在下面.表示时间；1)in,on，at 在时 2)in,after 在之后
18、 3)from,since 自从 4)after,behind 在之后,.表示运动方向；1)across,through 通过，穿过.表示“在之间”；between,among 在之间.表示其他意义1)on,about 关于2)by,with,in 表示方法、手段、工具3)except,besides 除了,5.2 复合介词,副词/形容词/连词+介词 as for,but for,apart from,exclusive of,instead of,regardless of,despite of,according to,next to 介词+名词+介词 in behalf of,in ca
19、se of,in charge of,on account of,on top of,at the expense of,for the sake of介词+介词 from below,up to,till after,on to,5.3 介词词组及其句法功能,介词词组是一介词为中心词的词组，其结构模式通常是“介词+补足成分”。介词补足成分（又叫“介词宾语”）通常由名词词组或相当于名词词组的语法结构构成。,介词词组在句中的补足成分：作状语；E.g.Towards midday the fog began to disperse.作主语补语和宾语补语E.g.He was out of breat
20、h when he reached the station.When I came back home,I found everything in good condition.作名词修饰语（又叫“定语”）E.g.A day in the open air will do you a lot of good.,5.4 介词后置,介词后面始终带有宾语（名词或代词等），但有时宾语因某些情况被提到前面（句首）时，介词仍然留在句末（有时它后面还有其他状语），这叫介词后置。,介词后置的几种情况：当介词宾语因语气特别强烈而被提到句首时：E.g.Your face I shall never look at
21、 again.当介词宾语是疑问代词或疑问副词时：E.g.What are you talking about?Where does he come from?当介词宾语是关系代词、关系副词或连接代词、连接副词时：E.g.This is the man whom I spoke of yesterday.,当介词宾语前有感叹词what,句子为感叹句时：E.g.What a wonderful game they joined in!当介词宾语是被动句的主语时：E.g.The patients are looked after very well by the nurses.,5.5 with引导
22、的独立结构,由with引入的“独立结构”本身带有逻辑主语，在句子中可以作状语，表示背景情况或行为方式、原因或条件等。有以下几种类型：with+名词/代词+不定式E.g.He knew that with him to help her,she could and would succeed.,with+名词/代词+动词ing形式E.g.Now he could walk only with Xiao Wang supporting him.with+名词/代词+-ed分词E.g.With this problem solved,neopenicillin(新霉素)is now in regul
23、ar production with+名词/代词+介词短语E.g.With chalk in one hand and a textbook in the other,the professor rested against the blackboard.,with+名词/代词+形容词E.g.Although they sat with doors and windows open,they were overpowered by heat.with+名词/代词+副词 E.g.The square looks more beautiful than ever with all the ligh
24、ts on.,连接词、词组、句子或从句的词，叫做连词。连词主要可分为两类，即并列连词和从属连词。6.1 并列连词1)表示并列连词;and，as well as，not onlybut also，bothand2)表示意义转折的并列连词;but，while，yet，however，nevertheless 3)表示因果关系的并列连词;for，so，therefore，hence 4)表示选择的并列连词。or，eitheror，neithernor，whetheror.,6.CONJUNCTION 连词,6.2 从属连词：1).引导时间状语从句的从属连词when,while,as,whenever
25、,before,after,since,until,till,as soon as,the moment,the minute,the second,no soonerthan,hardlywhen,every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the)next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the)last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)E.g.We had no sooner arrived at the park than it began to rain.,2).引导条件状语从句的从属连词 if,unless,as so long
26、 as,in case E.g.I will not buy you an iphone unless you get an A in your exam.3).引导目的状语从句的从属连词in order that,so that,in case,for fear E.g.I have prepared an umbrella in case it rains.4).引导结果状语从句的从属连词 so that,sothat,suchthat E.g.I am so tired that I dont want to do anything but sleep.,5).引导原因状语从句的从属连词
27、because,as,since,seeing(that),now(that),considering(that)E.g.Now that you are here,we can discuss it face to face.6).引导让步状语从句的从属连词although,though,even though,even if,while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,whereverE.g.Although he was tired,he went on working.7).引导方式状语从句的从属连词as,like,as if,as though,t
28、he way E.g.I like the way you sing.,8).引导地点状语从句的从属连词where,wherever,everywhere E.g.I can find you wherever you go.9).引导比较状语从句的从属连词than,asasE.g.This apple is as big as that one.10).引导名词性从句的从属连词that,if,whether E.g.I dont care whether it is going to rain or not.,6.3 从属连词易错点,1)bothand This book may be us
29、ed both as a text as well as a reference book.This book may be used both as a text and a reference book.这里的“as well as”和“both”不能搭配，应该将“as well”改为“and”，使“both.and.”变成关联连词（correlative conjunction）,(),2)not onlybut alsoHe not only speaks Mandarin but also English.He speaks not only Mandarin but also En
30、glish.这里的“not only”应该移到“speaks”后面，使这个动词兼顾两个等立宾语：“Mandarin”和“English”。,(),3)although/but Although he is fat,but he is very weak.Although he is fat,he is very weak.英语里的“although”和“but”是不见面的，因此这句里的“but”要去掉，不然“although”就要出来。4)not soasJim is not so strong like you.Jim is not so strong as you.这里的“not so”必
31、须和“as”连成一体；介词“like”是不适宜的。,(),(),5)no soonerthan No sooner had we reached our destination,they left.()No sooner had we reached our destination than they left.()“No sooner”必须和“than”配成关联连词，把“than”省掉是不对的，应该补上,6)and,whichI took a taxi and which took me to the station.I took a taxi and it took me to the s
32、tation.这里的并列连词“and”是多余的，必须去掉。如果要保留“and”也可，但是形容词分句里的关系代词“Which”要改成主语“it”，使整个句子变成并列分句如下：,(),7)andMy friend came up to me and held my hand,said good-bye excitedly.My friend came up to me,held my hand,and said good-bye excitedly.My friend came up to me and held my hand,saying good-bye excitedly.这里的“and”应该用来连接最后两个谓语才对：不然，就要把“said”改成“saying”：,(),(),Lets do the exercises!,Firstly,do the exercise by yourself within 15 minutes.Then,exchange your work with your partner and correct the answers for each other.Finally,correct the errors and review the important grammar points.,
