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1、英语语法基础知识,第 一 讲 词 句子成分 句子,一.英语句子的构成:词（短语）句子成分（从句）句子段落语篇),二.英语词(短语)的分类A.根据词的形式、意义及其在句子中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类（parts of speech）。英语的词通常分为十大类：,1.名词（noun，缩写为n.）是人和事物的名称。2.代词（pronoun,缩写为pron.）是用来代替名词 的词。3.形容词（adjective，缩写为adj.）用来修饰名词。4.动词（verb，缩写为 v.）表示动作和状态5.副词（adverb,缩写为adv.）是修饰动词、形容 词和副词的词。,6.连词（conjunction,缩写
2、为conj.）是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词。7.介词（preposition,缩写为prep.）表示 名词（或代词）与句子里其它词的关系。8.冠词（article,缩写为 art.）说明名词所指的人 或物的词。9.数词（numeral,缩写为num.）是表示“多少”和“第几”的词。10.感叹词（interjection,缩写为int.）表示感情。如:oh，aha,well,etc.,B.短语（phrase）具有一定意义，在句子里可以 单独作为一个句子成分。英语短语主要有：不定式短语（infinitive phrase）如：He likes to read newspaper after su
3、pper.动名词短语（gerundial phrase）如：Staying indoors all day is unhealthy.分词短语（participial phrase）如：I saw many people walking along the lake.The bridge built last year is now being repaired.介词短语（prepositional phrase）如：He came here by bus.,1.名词(noun)定义：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，叫做名词。例如：baby time air Shanghai 名词的分
4、类：英语名词可以分为 1）普通名词(common noun)普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名词。例如：student water pleasure machine health 2）专有名词(proper noun)专有名词是个别的人、团体、地方、机构或事物的名称。其中的实词的第一个字母必须大写。例如：Lei Feng China Guangzhou the Great Wall Peiying Middle School,普通名词可进一步分为：1）集体名词(collective noun)：集体名词是某一些人或物的总称。例如：class team family army
5、2）物质名词(material noun)物质名词表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的实物。例如：water air hire steel grain 3）抽象名词(abstract noun)抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。例如：happiness sadness work pleasure 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)和不可数名词(uncountable noun)：可数名词:students computers tomatoes pianos 不可数名词：rain water pleasure advice注意：glass glasses paper
6、 papers tea teas fruit fruits water waters,2.代词(pronoun)定义：代词是代替名词的词。代词的分类：英语代词可以分为 1）人称代词(personal pronoun),2.代词(pronoun)定义：代词是代替名词的词。代词的分类：英语代词可以分为 1）人称代词(personal pronoun),2）物主代词 表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词,2）物主代词 表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词,名词性物主代词,名词性
7、物主代词,3）反身代词 表示反射（指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身）或强调（即用来加强名词或代词的语气）的代词叫做反身代词。,3）反身代词 表示反射（指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身）或强调（即用来加强名词或代词的语气）的代词叫做反身代词。,4）不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词（或形容词）的代词叫做不定代词。some something somebody someoneany anything anybody anyoneno nothing nobody no oneevery everything everybody everyoneall both neither either non
8、e each other(s)another one much many few a few little a little另外，英语代词还有：指示代词 疑问代词 关系代词 相互代词,3.形容词 形容词(adjective)是修饰名词表示名词属性的词，常放在它所修饰的名词之前(形容词修饰不定代词something,anything,nothing等须后置)。例如：a lovely baby the beautiful picture modern history something important nothing wrong形容词有比较级和最高级，不用比较等级的形容词称为原级。形容词的比较
9、级形式是：“adj.er”或“moreadj.”。它的最高级形式是：“adj.est”或 most adj.”例如：great greater greatest brave braver bravest happy happier happiest clever cleverer cleverest difficult more difficult most difficult,注意：1)闭音节单音节词 末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er 和-est.big bigger biggest hot hotter hottest thin thinner thinnest2)不
10、规则变化：good(well)better best bad worse worst many(much)more most little less least far farther,further farthest,furthest,4.副词 副词(adverb)修饰动词、形容词和其他副词等，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。例如：often quickly firmly early happily how when where why however therefore otherwise副词也有比较级和最高级，不用比较等级的副词称为原级。副词的比较级形式和最高级形式变化与形容词完全相同
11、 adj.”例如：hard harder hardest fast faster fastest early earlier earliest quickly more quickly most quickly badly worse worst,5.数词 表示“多少”和“第几”的词，叫做数词(numeral)。数次可分为基数词和序数词。例如：one two three four five nine twelvefirst second third fourth fifth ninth twelfth分数和百分数：1/3 one-third 2/3 two-thirds90%ninety pe
12、rcent 35%thirty-five percent 编号用基数词：Unit 1 Exercise 5 Room 302 Class 7 Senior one有的也可以用序数词表示：the second floor年、月、日表示法：October 1,1949 May 18,1996,三.英语句子成分英语句子成分有主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)等。,（一）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问
13、句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.We often speak English in class.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.,（名词）,（代词）,（不定式）,It is necessary to master a foreign language.Smoking does har
14、m to the health.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.There is a super market around the street corner.With the bell ringing,in came our teacher.(二)谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。The sun rises in the east.He practices running every morning.You may keep the book fo
15、r two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.The delegation is to visit a few western countries.,（动名词）,（主语从句）,（三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如 be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。Our teacher of English is an American.The new expensive bicycle is mine.The weath
16、er has turned cold.The speech is exciting.Our teacher was satisfied with my work.Three times seven is twenty one?His job is to teach English.His hobby is playing football.The machine must be out of order.Time is up.The class is over.The truth is that he has never been abroad.,（名词）,（代词）,（形容词）,（现在分词）,
17、（过去分词短语）,（数词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（介词短语）,（副词）,（表语从句）,（四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于 及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.He pretended not to see me.The old woman didnt know what to do.I
18、enjoy listening to popular music.He is used to working at night.I think（that）he is fit for his office.宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。Lend me your dictionary,please.（2）复合宾语 They elected him their monitor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式短语）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,（动名词短语）,（五）宾语补
19、足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补助语，对宾语的动作、状态、身份、特征等内容进行补充说明,才能使句子的意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、介词短语和从句充当。例如：We elected him our monitor.They painted their boat white.Let the fresh air in.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room.When I came back to my hometown,I
20、found it greatly changed.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词短语）,（过去分词短语）,（介词短语）,（宾语从句）,（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下列词、短语、句子表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.China is a developing country;America is a developed c
21、ountry.There are thirty women teachers is our school.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.He is reading an article about how to learn English.Thank you for the help which you have gi
22、ven me.,（形容词）,（现在/过去分词）,（名词）,（代词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词）,（介词短语）,定语从句,（七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.He has lived in the city for ten years.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.He is in the room making a model plane.Given more tim
23、e,well do much better.Once you begin,you must continue.状语种类：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）,（副词）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词短语）,（过去分词短语）,（状语从句）,She put
24、 the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）,四.词类和句子成分的关系在句
25、子里，一定的词类（短语）可以充当一定的句子成分；反过来说，一定的句子成分要由一定的词类（短语）来担任。,阅读并划分下列句子成分：1.The teachers decision made John happy.2.He did the work yesterday,but he did not finish it.3.The dishes taste delicious.4.Work and play are both necessary to health.5.The horse is a useful animal.6.You must remember to tell him all th
26、at.7.I finished my homework just now.8.A wood fire was burning on the hearth,and a dog was sleeping in front of it.9.I found a note on my car this morning.10.The stream wound its way across the field.,阅读下面短文并指出划线部分的句子成分：1.Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted.Careless methods of pr
27、oduction and lack of consumer demanding for environment friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem.One result is that millions of tons of glass,paper,plastic,and metal containers are produced,and these are difficult to get rid of.,2.In the second half of each year,many powerful stor
28、ms are born in the tropic Atlantic and Caribbean seas.Of these,only about half a dozen becomes the strong,circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that are called hurricane,and several usually make their way to the coast.There they cause millions of dollars of damage,and bring death to large numb
29、ers of people.,语法填空:(2009年广东省高考英语试题）阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,在空格处填人一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空,并将答案填写在答题卡标号为3140的相应位置上。,Jane was walking round the department store.She remembered how difficult 31_ was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.She wished that he was as easy 32_(please)as her
30、mother,who was always delighted with perfume.Besides,shopping at this time of the year was not 33_ pleasant experience:people stepped on your feet or 34_(push)you with their elbows(肘部),hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.Jane paused in front of a counter 35_ some,it,to please,a,pushed,where,attractiv
31、e ties were on display.“They are real silk,”the assistant tried to attract her.“Worth double the price.”But Jane knew from past experience that her 36_(choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her father.Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered.She found some good quality pipes 37_sale.She did
32、 not hesitate for long:although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while,she knew that this was a present which was bound to please 38_.When Jane got home,with her small but well-chosen present in her bag,her parents were already 39_ table having supper.Her mother was excited.“Your father has a
33、t last decided to stop smoking,”Jane 39_(inform).,choice,on,him,at,was informed,语法填空：(2008年广东省高考英语试题）,Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese peoples daily life.1_ these proverbs there are often interesting stories.For example,the proverb,“plucking up a crop 2_(help)it gr
34、ow”,is based on the following story.It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty（960-1279）was very anxious to help 3_ rice crop grow up quickly.He was thinking about 4_ day and night.But the crop was growing much slower than he expected.One day,he came up with an idea 5_ he would pluck u
35、p all his crop a few inches.He did so the next day.,Behind/In,to help,his,this/it,that,He was very tired 6_ doing this for a whole day,7_ he felt very happy since the crop did“grow”8_(high).His son heard about this,and went to see the crop.Unfortunately the leaves of the crop began to wither.This pr
36、overb is saying we have to let things go in their 9_(nature)course.Being too anxious to help an event develop often 10_(result)in the contrary to our intention.,after,but,higher,natural,results,第二讲 英语基本句子句型,英语简单句有五种基本句子结构形式，即：1）主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)2）主语+谓（不及物动词）(S+Vi)3）主语+谓（及物动词)+宾语(S+V+O)4）主语+谓（及物动词)+间
37、接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)5）主语+谓（及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语）(S+V+O+C),主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)在这类结构中最常用的系动词是be,look（看起来），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（摸起来，感到），seem（似乎，好象），appear（显得，好象），remain（仍是），keep（保持），become（变得，成为）turn（变得，成为），get（变得），go（变得）等表示状态和变化的词。e.g.The weather is very cold.We believe that China will become
38、stronger.Our city is at the crossing of some important railways.He was so worn out that he fell asleep as soon as he went to bed.翻译下列句子：1.Mrs.Li是我们的语文老师Mrs.Li is our Chinese teacher.,2.秋天树叶变黄了。In autumn leaves turn yellow.3.哪辆自行车是我的？Which bike is mine?4.他的职责就是为人民服务。His duty is to serve the people.5.
39、数学老师在办公室里。The maths teacher is in the office.6.昨天的足球赛真是一场令人激动的比赛。The football match held yesterday was really exciting.7.大地覆盖者白雪。The ground is covered with snow.8.这就是他迟到的原因。Thats why he was late.,系动词归纳:1)表特征或状态存在：be appear feel look prove seem smell sound taste 2)表状态持续：continue keep remain stay 3)表状
40、态变化：become come fall get grow go run turn,(2)主语+谓语(不及物动词)(S+Vi)此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。1.How time flies.时间飞快。2.I will go back home this Saturday.这个星期六我会回家。3.The car stopped.车停了。4.Here comes the bus.公车来了。5.Did you sleep well?昨晚睡得好吗？6.The sun is rising.太阳正在升起。7.T
41、he plane took off on time.飞机及时起飞。8.When did the war break out?战争什么时候爆发的？9.How did the accident come about?事故是怎样发生的？,翻译下列句子：1.他每天骑自行车上学。He goes to school by bike every day.2.太阳从东方升起，西方落下。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.3.昨天夜晚那家商场发生了一场大火。A big fire broke out at the shop last night.4.会议已
42、经开了近两小时。The meeting has lasted two hours.,此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。常用于这句型的动词有：attempt,dare,decide,desire,expect,hope,intend,learn,need,offer,pretend,promise,propose,purpose,refuse,want,wish等。1.Who knows the answer?谁知道答案？2.He has refused to help t
43、hem.他拒绝帮他们的忙。3.He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。4.They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。5.He said“Good morning.”他说：“早上好！6.I want to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。7.He admits that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。,(3)主语+谓(及物动词+宾语)(S+V+O),翻译下列句子:1.昨天我给我妈妈写了一封信。Yesterday he wrote a letter to his mother.2.从孩提时代我们就相互认识了。We have kn
44、own each other since we were boys.3.他希望中学毕业后去上大学。He hopes to go to college after he finishes middle school.4.你喜欢读中国日报吗？Do you enjoy reading China Daily?5.我真得不知道如何是好。I really dont know what to do?6.你能告诉我去最近的邮局怎么走好?Could you tell me how I can get to the nearest post-office?,(4)主语+谓(及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)e.g.
45、She taught them physics.A car factory will bring the province more jobs.翻译下列句子：1.他给我们讲了一个动人的故事。They told us a moving story.2.她父亲给她买了一件漂亮的生日礼物。Her father bought her a beautiful gift for her birthday.3.请给我们唱支歌吧！Please sing us a song!4.你能帮我一把吗？Could you give me a hand?5.公共汽车上她把她的座位让给了一位老人。She offered a
46、n old man her seat on the bus.,这类句子结构大部分可以和主语+谓+宾语+介词短语结构互换She gave me a book.She gave a book to me.Bill offered her a candy.Bill offered a candy to her.Ill buy you some clothes.Ill buy some clothes for you.Ill cut you a piece of cake.Ill cut a piece of cake for you.She kissed her good-byeThey fined
47、 him 25.,附:常用于此种句型结构的动词主要有:allow bring buy call cause choose cook cost do find forbid get give hand leave lend lose make offer pass promise read save sell send set show sing take teach tell write etc.,(5)主语+谓(及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语)e.g.We must keep the room warm.The villagers didnt allow them to do this.I wi
48、ll keep the box in the shade.翻译下列句子：1.我们选他当班长。We elected him our monitor.2.假如你用煤气做饭，你应该让窗户开者。You should keep the window open if you use gas for cooking.3.她说服她的父亲把烟给戒了。She persuaded her father to give up smoking.,4.昨天当我路过Tom房间时，我听见他在唱歌。I heard Tom singing when I passed by his room yesterday.5.你在哪里理得发
49、？Where did you have your hair cut?6.你能告诉我这个单词怎么读吗？Could you tell me how I can pronounce the word?,可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask,tell,find,help,like,allow,take,make,let,have force,call,advise,persuade,watch,see,hear,feel,consider,choose,elect etc.,判断下列各句属于哪一种基本句型:,1.Did you observe the birds flying around the tre
50、es?2.The factory produce 1000 cars a week.3.I will get someone to repair the recorder for you.4.Your explanation sounds reasonable.5.He wrote his family a letter yesterday.6.Have you fixed my watch?7.He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed.8.We must get the task finished on tim
