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1、第十四章语态转换译法Translation of Passive Voice,第十四章 语态转换译法14.1 顺译法 14.1.1 顺译成被动句14.1.2 顺译成主动句14.2 倒译法 14.2.1 把by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语14.2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语14.2.3 倒译成汉语的无主句 14.3 分译法 14.4 惯译法第十四章综合练习及参考译文,课堂互动 1,课堂互动 2,课堂互动 3,课堂互动 4,综合练习 2,综合练习 1,第十四章重点,综合练习 3,-end,3,第十四章语态转换译法Translation of Passive Voice,语态转换译法指主动语
2、态和被动语态的互译，即把英语的被动语态的句子转译成汉语的主动语态的句子，或把英语的主动语态的句子转译成汉语的被动语态的句子。,4,英语中，尤其是科技英语中，凡是不说出动作执行者（施事者），或无从说出动作执行者或者为了连贯上下文，使前后分句的主语保持一致，为了使叙述的重点突出，语意连贯，语气流畅，常用被动语态。,5,例如：As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface.Consequently,a geological survey of the unde
3、rground rock structure must be carried out.If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil,a“drilling rig”is assembled.The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called“a derrick”.,译文：因为石油深埋地下，所以单靠研究地面还不能确定有无石油储量。因此，必须对地下岩层结构进行地质勘测。如果认为某地域岩层含有石油，那就在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井架”。,6,It is use
4、d to lift sections of pipe,which are lowered into the hole made by the drill.As the hole is being drilled,a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in.If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves(John
5、Swales:Writing Scientific English).,续：井架用来升吊分节油管，把油管放入由钻头打出的孔隙中。当孔隙钻成后，放入钢管以防止孔壁坍塌。如发现石油，需在油管顶部紧固加盖，使石油通过系列阀门流出。,7,科技英语频繁使用被动语态，把事物的名称作为主语放在突出的位置上，用被动语态表述有关的动作或状态，突出表述客观事实，结构简练。英译汉时，有一些仍需要保持被动语态，而在很多情况下决不能总是恪守原句的语态，必须摆脱这种局限性，译成主动语态句。,小节结束,8,14.1 顺译法(Translation in Original Order),既保留原文的主语，又要使译文主要成分的
6、顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法就叫顺译法。,9,所谓“被”字句，就是在汉语的动词前面加上一个“被”字来表示被动的句子。主要表示这个动作不利于受事者或这个情况有点特殊，或者出乎意料。加上“被”字以引起读者的注意并表示“被”这一动作动作接受者（受事者）是不乐意或不情愿接受的。,14.1 顺译法(Translation in Original Order),既保留原文的主语，又要使译文主要成分的顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法就叫顺译法。,14.1.1 顺译成被动句,A.译成“被”字句,10,例1：Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.【译文】维生素C受
7、热过度就会被破坏。例2：Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized,the plant provides the newly formed seeds with a reserve of food materials,which will be needed when they themselves germinate.【译文】花一旦被授了粉并受了精，植株就会对新生种子提供养料贮藏，以备种子未来发芽之需。,11,例3：She thought all was fair and legal,and never dreamt she was
8、going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched,already bound to a bad,mad,and imbruted partner!(Charlotte Bront:Jane Eyre)【译文】她以为一切都是公正合法的，做梦也没想到过自己竟会被诱入欺诈婚姻的圈套，跟一个骗子、疯子、十足的坏蛋缔结姻缘。,12,“挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句子。例1：The boy was criticized yesterday.【译文】这孩子昨天挨了一顿批评。例2：I was c
9、aught in the downpour.【译文】我在大雨中挨浇了。,B.译成“挨”字句,13,例1：Our clothes were soaked with sweat.【译文】我们的衣服给汗水湿透了。,C.译成“给”字句,“给”也是用于翻译该动作对动作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句子。,14,例2：The crops were washed away by the flood.【译文】庄稼给大水冲跑了。例3：Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company.【译文】路易斯公司的一辆拖车把你的汽车给拖走了。,15
10、,例1：You have been wetted in the rain.【译文】你叫雨淋湿了。例2：The-rays are not affected by an electric field.【译文】射线不受电场影响。,D.译成“叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、为所、经所”等字句，用以加强说话、表达语气。,16,例3：A lot of houses and buildings,roads and bridges were damaged in the seaquake.【译文】许多房屋建筑、道路桥梁在这次海啸中遭到破坏。,17,例4：It must be dealt
11、with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.【译文】这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手段予以处理。,18,例5：I skirted fields and hedges and lanes till after sunrise.I believe it was a lovely summer morning:I know my shoes,which I had put on when I left the house,were soon wet with dew.But I looked neither to rising sun,no
12、r smiling sky,nor wakening nature.,【译文】我沿着田野、树篱的边缘，走过小径，一直走到日上三竿。我觉得今天是个美好的夏日的早晨。我知道，我出门时刚穿上的鞋子，很快就让露水打湿了。可是，我不看升起的太阳，不看湛蓝美好的天空，也不看正在苏醒的大地。,19,He who is taken out to pass through a fair scene to the scaffold,thinks not of the flowers that smile on his road,but of the block and axe-edge;of the dissev
13、erment of bone and vein;of the grave gaping at the end;.（Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre）,【续】一个被押去断头台的人，路过美丽景色的时候，是不会注意路旁微笑的花朵的。他想的只是利斧和砧板，只是躯体的破碎和分离，只是最后口大张着等着他的墓穴；,小节结束,20,例1：The novel I had thrown away was chosen by the Book Society.【译文】我一度扔掉的那部小说后来被书社选中。例2：The sun and the earth are in a great group o
14、f stars；it is called the galaxy.【译文】太阳和地球处于一个巨大的星群之中，这个星群叫做银河系。,补充例句：顺译成被动句,21,例3：The finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery.【译文】商品出厂前必须仔细地予以检查。,补充例句：顺译成被动句,22,例4：Other processes will be discussed briefly.【译文】其他方法将简单地加以讨论。例5：The atomic theory was not accepted until the last ce
15、ntury.【译文】原子学说直到上世纪才为人们所接受。,补充例句：顺译成被动句,23,例6：I was possessed by the very novelty of what I did.【译文】我被自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。（译成“被”字句）例7：Premier Zhou is respected and loved by the people of the whole country.【译文】周总理受到全国人民的尊敬和爱戴。（译成“被”字句）,补充例句：顺译成被动句,24,例8：The laws of motion will be discussed in the next arti
16、cle.【译文】运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。（译成“被”字句）例9：It need not be said that all factors must be taken into consideration.【译文】不用说，所有因素都必须考虑在内。（谓语分译）,补充例句：顺译成被动句,25,例10：If this suggestion is accepted,it should not be considered as a precedent.【译文】如果此项建议被接受，以后不得引以为例。,补充例句：顺译成被动句,26,例11：A program called a compiler was w
17、ritten by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer.【译文】编译程序先由专家用机器代码编写好，然后储存在计算机中。,补充例句：顺译成被动句,27,例12：Therefore,when we are received with so much honour and so much kindness in this great country I believed that the Peoples Republic of China is doing a very significant thing.【译文】因此，当我
18、们在这个伟大的国家里受到这样隆重和盛情的接待时，我认为中华人民共和国这样做是具有重大意义的。,补充例句：顺译成被动句,小节结束,28,课堂互动1：翻译下列句子,顺译成被动句（参考译文）,1Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded.【译文】立功的人将受到奖励。2A program called a compiler was written by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer.【译文】编译程序先由专家用机器代码编码写好，然后储存在计算机中。,29,课堂互动1：
19、翻译下列句子,顺译成被动句（参考译文）,3Translation techniques should be paid enough attention to.【译文】翻译技巧应予以足够的重视。,30,4The applicants interviewed are required to hand in some necessary material.【译文】被谈过话的申请人，要求交上必要的材料。,课堂互动1：翻译下列句子,顺译成被动句（参考译文）,31,5Television keeps us informed about current events at home and abroad.【
20、译文】电视使我们了解国内外大事。,课堂互动1：翻译下列句子,顺译成被动句（参考译文）,32,课堂互动1：翻译下列句子,顺译成被动句（参考译文）,6His plain prose is enlivened by boundless curiosity,a very sense of humour and a falcon-sharp eye for detail.【译文】他那永无止境的好奇心，冷嘲式的幽默以及捕捉细节所特有的隼一般锐利的目光使他那平淡的日记平添了几分生气。,33,课堂互动1：翻译下列句子,顺译成被动句（参考译文）,7The temperature of the earth is
21、determined by the amount of solar heat which the atmosphere can keep.【译文】地球的温度取决于大气能保持多少热辐射。,34,课堂互动1：翻译下列句子,顺译成被动句（参考译文）,8He was beaten black and blue.【译文】他被打得青一块紫一块。9His father was killed before liberation.【译文】他爹在解放前给杀害了。,小节结束,35,课堂互动1：翻译下列句子,顺译成被动句（参考译文）,10With a true democratic system,he said,Eg
22、ypt would not have been defeated by Israel in 1967.【译文】他说倘有一个真正的民主制度，埃及就不会在1967年让（被）以色列打败了。,小节结束,36,例1：Love can not be forced.【译文】爱情不能强求。例2：Love and cough cannot be hidden.【译文】爱情和咳嗽都无法隐藏。,14.1.2 顺译成主动句,A.顺译成形式是主动，意义上是被动的句子,把英语句子顺译成主动句，其形式是主动，但从意义和逻辑关系上看还是被动句。,37,例3：My holidays afternoons were spent
23、in ramble about the surrounding country.(Washington Irving)【译文】每逢假日的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。,38,例4：Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine.【译文】疾病必须先确诊，再用药。,39,例5：This was a great stroke of fortune for the Allies,for this port,as soon as its approaches were cleared,was dest
24、ined to become the principal supply base of Anglo-American armies.(William L.Shirer:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich)【译文】这对盟军来说是件大幸事，因为该港口的人行通道一经清理，就可成为英美军队的重要供需基地。,40,B.改变原文的谓语动词，顺译成主动句,如果把英语的被动句译成汉语的被动句，则不符合汉语的语言习惯，所以常可将英语的被动句顺译成汉语的主动句，原文的谓语动词是被动形式，可转变谓语，顺译成汉语的主动形式。,41,例1：The teacher was satis
25、fied with the answer.【译文】老师对回答感到满意。例2：I am told you are careless.【译文】听说你很粗心大意。例3：The long river is originated from that high mountain.【译文】这条大河发源于那座山。,42,例4：Language is a precious possession;it has,in fact,been called the door to knowledge.Knowing how to use language effectively allows us to communic
26、ate more clearly,listen more critically,and read more efficiently.Beyond those practical benefits,an interest in words and their mastery provides a lifelong source of pleasure.【译文】高超的语言水平乃宝贵财富。诚然，语言是打开知识宝库大门的钥匙。语言运用得心应手，便能说得清楚，听得明白，看得真切。推敲词字，斟酌语句，受益匪浅，其乐无限。,43,例5：Even so,I still insist that for the
27、individual himself nothing is more important than this personal,interior sense of right and wrong and his determination to follow that rather than to be guided by what everybody does or merely the criterion of“social usefulness.”（J.W.Krutch:The New Immorality）【译文】即便如此，我仍然坚持认为，对个人而言，最重要的莫过于这种根植于个人心灵深
28、处的是非感，并坚决以此行为处事的决心，而不是人云亦云，或仅仅以是否“对社会有益”为准则。,44,C.顺译成“是的”结构,英语句子要着重表示的不是受事者受到了某个行动这样一个事实本身，而是与这个行动有关的一些具体情况，如时间、地点、方式、方法等。也就是说，句子里强调的是行动的静态而不是动态的含义。这样就可以顺译成汉语的“是的”的句式。其框架为“受事者是动词的”。,45,例1：That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother.【译文】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。例2：The credit system in America was first
29、adopted by Harvard University in 1872.【译文】美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。,46,例3：Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.【译文】诗歌吟唱时是由七弦琴伴奏的。例4：The left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain.【译文】左耳是由大脑的右侧控制的。,47,例5：Now,I say,man and,in general,every rational being exists as an end in him
30、self and not merely as a means to be arbitrarily used by this or that will.In all his actions,whether they are directed to himself or to other rational beings,he must always be regarded at the same time as an end.(Immanuel Kant:Foundations of the Metaphysics of Ethics)【译文】我认为：人，总之一切理性动物，是作为目的本身而存在的，
31、并不是仅仅作为手段给某个意志任意使用的。我们必须在他的一切行动中，不管这行动是对他自己的，还是对其他理性动物的，永远把他当作目的看待。（伊曼努尔康德：道德形而上学基础）,48,例1：This problem will be discussed tomorrow.【译文】这个问题将于明天讨论。例2：The typewriter has not been used for twenty years.【译文】这台打字机已有20年没用了。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,49,例3：The work must be finished before Christmas.【译文】这项工作必须在圣诞节前完成。例4：
32、Our university was built in 1952.【译文】我校建于1952年。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,50,例5：The quality of our products has been greatly improved.【译文】产品质量有了很大的提高。例6：The car has been cleaned.【译文】汽车擦干净了。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,51,例7：A bald head is soon shaven.【译文】光头好剃。/光头剃起来快。例8：The story was based on the information from a reliable sour
33、ce.【译文】这事信息来源可靠。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,52,例9：Steel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust.【译文】钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。例10：Iron is extracted from the ore by smelting in the blast furnace.【译文】铁是通过高炉冶炼从矿石中提取的。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,53,例11：The dog mustnt be killed.【译文】这狗不能杀。例12：The avenue is flanked by rows of new
34、 buildings.【译文】马路两旁是一排排新建大楼。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,54,例13：She was lost in the woods last night.【译文】昨晚她在森林中迷了路。例14：He is greatly attached to his work.【译文】他非常热爱自己的工作。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,55,例15：In this sense,bad thing can be turned into good things.【译文】从这一点上说来，坏事也可以转变成为好事。例16：Many basins were formed by the subsidence o
35、f the earths crust.【译文】许多盆地都是由于地壳陷落而形成的。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,56,例17：Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.【译文】彩虹是阳光透过天空中的小水滴时形成的。例18：Energy is defined as the ability to do work.【译文】能的定义为做功的能力。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,57,例19：A melody is heard,played upon a flute.It is small and
36、 fine,telling of grass and tree and the horizon.The curtain rises.【译文】横笛吹起，悠扬的旋律诉说着芳草绿地、佳树林木、大地天涯，幕起。,补充例句：顺译成主动句,58,例20：“As far as I was concerned,”Roundstedt,who was reinstated on September 4 as Commander in Chief in the West,told Allied interrogators after the war,“the war was ended in September.
37、”(William L.Shirer:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich)【译文】于9月4日恢复西线总司令职务的伦斯德，战后对盟军讯问人员说：“对我个人来说，战争在九月里就已经结束了。”,补充例句：顺译成主动句,小节结束,59,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子,顺译成主动句（参考译文）,1This is a question to be answered at once.【译文】这是一个要立即回答的问题。2We are deeply touched by the heros loyalty to the cause.【译文】我们深为英雄忠于事业的精神所感动。,60
38、,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子,顺译成主动句（参考译文）,3The novels of Dickens have already been translated into many languages.【译文】狄更斯的小说已经译成了好几种语言。4The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of agricultural science.【译文】这一发现在农业科学界得到很高的评价。,61,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子,顺译成主动句（参考译文）,5Wells and spring are supplied with underground water
39、.【译文】井水和泉水都是地下水。6I was received by a tall,lithe,vibrant woman in her 70s,white-haired,and still beautiful.【译文】接见我的是一位高挑轻盈、满头银发的女人。虽然年逾古稀，却依然神采奕奕、风韵犹存。,62,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子,顺译成主动句（参考译文）,7I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly will at last be respected by Member States and by Israel in particul
40、ar.【译文】我希望大会的各项决议终将得到各会员国，尤其是以色列的尊重。,63,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子,顺译成主动句（参考译文）,8It happened in one of those picturesque Danish taverns that cater to tourists and where English is spoken.(R.Zacks:The Date Father Didnt Keep)【译文】故事发生在丹麦的一家雅致的小旅馆里；这种小旅馆备有酒菜招待游客，而且讲英语。,64,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子,顺译成主动句（参考译文）,9Scarcely had Hitle
41、r recovered from the shock of the July 20 bombing when he was faced with the loss of France and Belgium and of the great conquests in the East.(William L.Shirer:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich)【译文】希特勒在7月20日的炸弹案件后惊魂未定，又面临着丢失法国和比利时的局面和东战场的巨大压力。,65,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子,顺译成主动句（参考译文）,10Most of these writers
42、 were convinced that injustices existed in our economic system,and against these injustices they protested,but they had no wish to change the system itself;or if they did,though idealistic,Utopian schemes.【译文】大多数作家都认为我们的经济制度中存在着不公平的现象，并对此提出过抗议，但是他们并不想从本身上改变这种制度；即使想，也只是些乌托邦式的空想而已。,小节结束,66,14.2 倒译法(Tr
43、anslation in Reverse Order),倒译法就是将英语被动句的主语汉译成宾语的翻译方法。倒译法又分完全倒译法和部分倒译法。完全倒译法是把原文by或其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语；部分倒译法译出的汉语句子常是无主句。,67,14.2.1 把 by 后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,例1：Yet,only a part of this energy is used by man.【译文】然而，人类只利用了这种能量的一部分。例2：Rivers are controlled by dams.【译文】拦河大坝把河流控制住了。例3：We are brought freedom and happ
44、iness by socialism.【译文】社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。,68,14.2.1 把 by 后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,例4：Light and heat can be given to us by the sun.【译文】太阳供给我们光和热。例5：At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.【译文】一个正常的人每天至少需要两夸脱的水。,69,例1：Heat is removed from the body during sweating.【译文】出汗时人体散发热量。例2：Abun
45、dant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book.【译文】这本参考书提供了大量的练习和问题。,14.2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,70,例3：The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.【译文】全世界都使用同样的数学记号和符号。,14.2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,71,例4：50 laboratories have been built in our school.【译文】我们学校已建立了
46、50个实验室。,14.2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,72,例5：The compass was invented in China 4 000 years ago.【译文】4000年前中国发明了指南针。,14.2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,73,14.2.3 倒译成汉语的无主句,将原文主语倒译成汉语的宾语，译出的汉语句子常是无主句。有时也会译成动宾词组作主语的句子，这种译法更符合汉语习惯，通顺自然。对于原文中未提及动作执行者（施事者）的句子常可采取这种翻译方法。,74,例1：Quality of products must be guaranteed first.【
47、译文】首先要确保产品的质量。例2：The goods are urgently needed.【译文】急需此货。,75,例3：Smoking is not allowed here.【译文】此处禁止吸烟。例4：Children should be taught to speak the truth.【译文】应该教育儿童讲真话。,76,例5：You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered.【译文】书到后应立即付款。,77,例1：You are hoped to do it more carefully.【译文】希望你认真一点
48、做。例2：Human power is replaced by electric power.【译文】电力代替了人力。,补充例句：倒译法,78,例3：Heart murmurs are frequently heard in these patients.【译文】这些病人中常可听到心脏杂音。例4：An ammeter was given to me by him.【译文】他给了我一个电流表。,79,补充例句：倒译法,例5：Table tennis is played all over China.【译文】中国到处都在打乓乒球。例6：You have been told so many time
49、s not to mention this.【译文】已经告诉你多少遍不要再提这件事了。,80,例7：A decisive battle was fought near this city.【译文】在这座城市附近，进行了一次决定性的战役。例8：Very often,introductions are made using both first and last names.【译文】常常是连名带姓一起介绍。,小节结束,81,课堂互动3：运用倒译法翻译下列句子（参考译文）,1Tremendous research work is required to bring about such fantas
50、tic speeds.【译文】要达到如此神奇的速度，需要进行大规模的研究工作。,82,课堂互动3：运用倒译法翻译下列句子（参考译文）,2Helsinki became a flourishing port,and a university was founded at Turku.【译文】赫尔辛基变成了一个繁荣的港口，在图尔库还建成了一所大学。,83,课堂互动3：运用倒译法翻译下列句子（参考译文）,3The matter was never mentioned again ever since.【译文】从那以后再也没有提起过那件事。,84,课堂互动3：运用倒译法翻译下列句子（参考译文）,4I
