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1、Neuroglia in the CNS,Able to replicate!Importance in nervous system function is VASTLY underestimated!Evidence is mounting:Nurturing roleSignaling role(Memory?)InflammationPainMany more to come!,Neuroglia:Distinguishing Features,Presence of tight junctions between the endothelial cellsOne of the not
2、able features of endothelial cells in comparison to other cell is the lack of pinocytic vesiclesSelective permeability to molecules based on their molecular weight and lipid solubilityPresence of specific markersRich in two enzymes:gamma glutamyl transpeptidase(GGTP)(for amino acid transport)and alk
3、aline phosphatase(transport of phsopahte ions)used as marker for BBB.Others:glucose transporter(GLUT-1);endothelial barrier antigen(EBA;unknown function)and antigen recognized by the MRC OX-47 monoclonal antibody(important for cell-to-cell adhesion);transferrin receptor(transport of ferric ions).,Pr
4、operties of Blood Brain Barriers,BBB,1.Neurons have TWO processes called axons and dendrites.Glial cells only have ONE.2.Neurons CAN generate action potentials.Glial cells CANNOT,however,do have a resting potential.3.Neurons HAVE synapses that use neurotransmitters.Glial cells do NOT have chemical s
5、ynapses.4.Neurons do NOT continue to divide.Glial cells DO continue to divide.5.There are many MORE(10-50 times more)glial cells in the brain compared to the number of neurons.,Glia are different from neurons:,Nerve Cells,Neurons,Glia,Extracellular Space,and Blood,Bidirectional Communication Partner
6、s in the CNS,Receiving signals from neighboring neurons and responding to them with release of neuroactive substancesExpress receptors for almost all neurotransmitters and neuromodulatorsIncrease of intracellular calcium concentrationMembrane depolarization in astrocytes are common responses to neur
7、al activityMetabolically coupled to neural activity,Metabolism of Astrocytes and their Metabolic Cooperation with Neurons,Glucose Amino acid metabolism Enzymes:glutamine synthetase(glutamate-glutamine cycle);glycogen phosphorylatase(glycogen mobilization);pyruvate carboxylase(anaplerotic synthesis o
8、f oxaloacetate);cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase(synthesis of taurine);glycine cleavage system,glycine metabolism.,Three Types of Metabolic Cooperation of Astrocytes and Neurons,Supply of the energy substrate lactate to neuronsThe recycling of neuronal glutamate by the glutamate-glutamine cycleThe supply by astrocytes of precursors for neuronal glutathione(GSH)synthesis,
