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1、英文科技写作简介Technical Writing,一些基本规定：,字体（Font)：Times New Roman(或Times)字体大小(Font size)：12行距(Spacing)：双行(double space)纸张：8.5-by-11-inch（相当于A4）纸张边距(Page margins)：各留 1 inchSymbols,abbreviations,and spelling should be consistent.Tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a),书写要求,右边不对齐(do not justify the lines at the right
2、margin)每段第一个单词嵌入1 inch(Tab键，或五个空格）不用此类缩写，如：hes,its,cant,dont,etc.改用：he is,it is,cannot,do not,etc.时态(tense)：过去式为主，叙述已知事实时可用现在式其它要求：尽量用被动语态避免冗长的复句，可用几个单句阐述。,Plagiarism（剽窃）,“the false assumption of authorship:the wrongful act of taking the product of another persons mind,and presenting it as ones own”
3、-Alexander Lindey,Plagriarism and Originality New York:Harper,1952,Example原文,Some of Dicksons most powerful poems express her firmly held conviction that life cannot be fully comprehended without an understanding of death.-Martin,Wendy.“Emily Dickson.”Columbia Literary History of the United States.E
4、mory Elliott,gen.ed.New York:columbia UP,1988,609-26.,Plagiarism:Emily Dickson strongly believed that we cannot understand life fully unless we also comprehend death.The right way to do:As Wendy Martin has suggested,Emily Dickson strongly believed that we cannot understand life fully unless we also
5、comprehend death(625).Martin,Wendy.“Emily Dickson.”Columbia Literary History of the United States.Emory Elliott,gen.ed.New York:columbia UP,1988,609-26.,研究文章的构成,Title pageAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferencesFigure legendsFigures,tables Each section sta
6、rts from a new page!,Title page,The title of your workNames of the authorsAffiliationsRunning titleInformation of the corresponding author,Abstract,Concise limits on the number of wordsChoosing the right key wordsUsually,Couple of sentences at the beginning describing the background informationDescr
7、ibe your discoveries in the middle partSignificance of your work-at the end,Abnormal lipid metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many neural system diseases,including epilepsy.Pentylenetetrazol(PTZ)-induced kindling in rodents is considered a model of human absence epilepsy and myocl
8、onic,generalized tonic-clonic seizure.In an effort to further understand the mechanism for PTZ-induced seizure,we analyzed crude lipids and sphingolipids in the cortex,hippocampus,and brain stem of normal and PTZ-rats using delayed extraction matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-fligh
9、t mass spectrometry(DE MALDI-TOF-MS).It was found that phosphatidylcholines dominated the crude lipids in different tissues and there were no obvious differences in crude lipid profiles of different tissues between normal and PTZ-rats.However,ceramide,sphingomyelins,and ceramide-monohexoside were di
10、fferently distributed in normal and PTZ-rats.,Using the reference mass spectra method established in our laboratory,it was shown that sphingomyelins and ceramide-monohexoside levels were elevated in the brain tissues of PTZ-rats.Ceramide levels were found to be higher in brain stem than in cortex an
11、d hippocampus of normal rats,and PTZ caused a general decrease in ceramide levels.These data suggest that changes in sphingolipid metabolism contribute to PTZ-induced seizure.,Introduction,A more detailed background informationWhat we have knownWhat we do not yet knowWhat kind of questions are out t
12、hereWhat question(s)we tried to answer,and WHYplus(optional)How we did it(short)And what we have found(short),Materials and Methods,第一次出现的公司需注明城市，州，或者是国家（如需要的话），例如：.Gel system(Bio-Rad,Hercules,CA).Bovine serum(Gibco,Grand Island,NY).Microscope(Olympus Optical Co.,Ltd,Japan)第二次出现则只需注明公司,Results,Descr
13、iptions onlyState what you have discoveredDo not discuss in detail you may say one or two sentences like“it suggested”or“it is concluded”,but DO the DISCUSSION in Discussion Relate the description to your figures“as shown in Figure 1,”,Discussion,Relate to your own data,do not OVERSTATEMost of the t
14、imes,need a short paragraph at the end of your DiscussionThe drawbacks of this workFuture plan,Acknowledgements,We gratefully thank Drs.A.Smith,K.Wilson,and J.Kim for their valuable suggestions;Ms.L.Jones for the critical review of the manuscript;and Mr.T.Kelly for the technical support.This work wa
15、s supported in part by NIH Grant No.AI01234.W.Martin was a recipient of the Roche Research Fellowship.,Reference,Endnote program the easy way to manage references and edit the styles for various journals,Figure legends,Self-explanatory（自我说明）:readers do NOT need to look at the text to find out what t
16、he figure means One conclusive sentence(like a title)tells what is this figureFollowed by descriptions,Figures,绘图工具：Photoshop or powerpoint图片大小：one-column or two-column字体选择：Helvetica or Arial(需考虑到最终印刷的文章中字体大小为7号),论文投递,杂志的选择同事推荐SCI:点击 journal list 查询，然后根据查询结果提供的网址进一步了解特定杂志的要求，需仔细阅读;或“About the journa
17、l”：该杂志所覆盖的内容“Instructions to Authors”：投稿具体要求稿件包括：cover letter,submission forms(if the journal has any),hard copies(paper printouts),electronic copy(disk or CD),Cover letter(printed on letterhead paper),October 17,2001Journals DepartmentAmerican Society for Microbiology1752 N St.,NWWashington,D.C.200
18、36-2904Dear Editor,Enclosed please find the manuscript entitled“Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human lung epithelial cells infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae”,which we intend to submit to the journal“Infection and Immunity”.The most appropriate section would be the immunology of microbi
19、al infection.We believe that this research identified a role of epithelial cells in the proinflammatory cytokine response during M.pneumoniae infection,therefore provides a better understanding for the pathogenesis of M.pneumoniae.,第一段：声明意图,Previous studies have shown that M.pneumoniae can induce pr
20、oinflammatory cytokines in several model systems including mice and/or human monocytes.However,there has been no report about the involvement of lung epithelial cells in the cytokine response to M.pneumoniae,even though these cells are the first and main target of the infection.In this study we prov
21、ide clear evidence that the expressions of several proinflammatory cytokines are differently regulated in lung epithelial cells.We further elucidate the possible mechanisms involved in the cytokine induction,e.g.,the cytadherence of M.pneumoniae to cells is important,while bacterial DNA and protein
22、synthesis are not.,第二段：简介工作内容（与摘要基本相似）,Infection and Immunity is a well-respected journal for the advance of immunologic research of microbial infection,and we think it is the appropriate place to submit our manuscript.The contents of this study have not been previously published,and are not submitt
23、ed elsewhere.We the authors also agree to pay any fees related to the publication for this manuscript.Your consideration for the possible publication of our research will be greatly appreciated.Sincerely,Jun Yang,Ph.D.Division of Bacterial and Mycotic DiseasesNational Center for Infectious DiseasesC
24、enters for Disease Control and PreventionMail Stop G031600 Clifton Rd,NEAtlanta,GA 30333Tel:(404)639 2832Fax:(404)639 4215e-mail:jdy6cdc.gov,第三段：声明内容未发表过，并同意承担相关费用结束：签名，通讯地址，联系方法,Forms,Certain journals have special requirements for submission,for example,Journal of Immunology has a submission form t
25、o be filled in:,Waiting,Will receive an Acknowledgement Letter in less than a week(normally):stating that the editor has received the manuscript,and a specific number was given to the manuscript for future communicationsDepending on the journal,it might take 6-8 weeks,or even longer,for the editors
26、to reach their decision,Making inquiries,如果等待的时间已经过了8个星期，可以向编辑询问一般原因是某个reviewer没能及时送回意见，但有时也可能是两个审稿人意见相反，编辑自己也不好决定，于是又送第三个审稿人,March 1,2003Manuscript No.JI2002-1033Dr.Frank W.FitchEditor-in-ChiefThe Journal of Immunology9650 Rockville PikeBethesda,MD 20814Dear Dr.Fitch,We have submitted a manuscript
27、entitled“Interleukin-1beta responses to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection are cell-type specific”,No.JI2002-1033,to Journal of Immunology.We are interested to know the status of this manuscript.Your help is greatly appreciated.Sincerely,Jun Yang,Ph.D.,The decisions,Rejected,no resubmission find anothe
28、r journal Rejected,resubmission OK try to fix the problems pointed out by reviewers,and submit again,it will take the same procedureAccepted on condition that the specific comments from the reviewers are answered satisfactorilyAccepted with no further modification,How to deal with the comments from
29、the reviewers,Be POLITEPoint by point,January 15,2001Journals DepartmentAmerican Society for Microbiology1752 N St.,NWWashington,D.C.20036-2904Dear Editor,Enclosed is a resubmission of manuscript#IAI 1458-01,entitled“Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human lung epithelial cells infected wit
30、h Mycoplasma pneumoniae”,which we intend to submit to the journal“Infection and Immunity”.Although it was rejected for our first submission,we believe that after the revision following the reviewers suggestions,this manuscript will be able to meet the standards of IAI for publication.Listed below is
31、 our response to the comments of the reviewers.,Rejected,Resubmission,Reviewer#1In Material Pietsch,et al,1994,Ref#38).We have condensed the discussion part about IL-1b into 2 paragraphs.The sensitivities of the cytokine ELISA assays are given in the M&M and Discussion,and mentioned that appropriate
32、 positive controls were ran in parallel.,Reviewer#2We appreciate the reviewer suggesting that we be much more clear in distinguishing between the mycoplasma cells and the A549 lung carcinoma cells.Throughout the manuscript,we now make it very clear that the cytokine assays and mRNA studies were cond
33、ucted on the A459 human lung carcinoma cells.The A549 cells are now clearly described as lung carcinoma cells in the manuscript.This section in the Introduction has been rewritten to focus better on the role of cytadherence of mycoplasma to respiratory epithelial cells,and vague language has been re
34、moved.We recognize that covering all the advances in mycoplasma pathogenesis is beyond the scope of the manuscript.The cell viability assay description has been reduced in length.We believe that it is important to describe the main features of the assay.The antibodies were diluted according to manuf
35、acturers suggestions,and the dilutions were given in the Materials&Methods.The assay is an adherence blocking assay.This assay is now properly described in the manuscript to prevent confusion of the type expressed by the reviewer.Although we do not know exactly how much M.pneumoniae protein was trea
36、ted,we set up the reaction as 500 ml M.pneumoniae stock with 100 mg/ml Trypsin added.,We agree that the term“semi-quantitative”could be misleading and we have removed the term throughout the manuscript.However,densitometry was conducted and the value of each cytokine band was normalized to the corre
37、sponding b-actin band.Statistical analyses were conducted for the IL-8 and TNF-a ELISA data,and are better described in the manuscript.We did indeed do an antibody-control to make sure that the antibody used in the adherence blocking assay did not affect cytokine induction,but did not report it in t
38、he original manuscript.We now do so in the Results section.In that specific sentence,we talked about the effect of cycloheximide on gene expression in the first part(using IL-1b as indicator,Figure 5A),so the figure is PCR data,not a Western blot.The next part of the sentence talked about the effect
39、 of cycloheximide on protein secretion(IL-8,ELISA data from Figure 5B).The IL-8 data were evaluated for statistical significance.The word“greatly”was deleted.Throughout the manuscript we have now clarified that the cytokine data are derived from the A549 cells and A549 cell supernatant.The sentences
40、 were deleted.The paragraph was deleted.,As in comment 6.Also Figure 3 will be in color in the journal.Although we do not know whether cells producing IL-1b have attached M.pneumoniae or not,we suspect they do.However,an experiment measuring the attachment of M.pneumoniae has to be done before we dr
41、aw any conclusions.Your consideration for the possible publication of our research will be greatly appreciated.Sincerely,Jun Yang,Ph.D.Division of Bacterial and Mycotic DiseasesNational Center for Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionMail Stop G031600 Clifton Rd,NEAtlanta,GA
42、30333Tel:(404)639 2832Fax:(404)639 4215e-mail:jdy6cdc.gov,April 10,2002John D.Clements,Ph.D.Editor,Infection and ImmunityDept.of Microbiology and Immunology(SL38)Tulane University School of Medicine1430 Tulane AvenueNew Orleans,LA 70112-2699Re:Manuscript Number IAI 127-02 RevisedDear Dr.Clements:Tha
43、nk you for the review of our manuscript,127-02,for consideration for publication in Infection and Immunity.As you suggested,we have carefully considered the comments of all three reviewers and accordingly implemented their suggestions as detailed below:,Conditionally accepted,addressed the comments
44、from reviewers,I.Response to the 5 issues raised by Reviewer number 1.1.“One weakness is the sentence beginning at the bottom of page 17 and continuing on to page 18.It needs rewriting.”As suggested,we have rewritten this sentence,now starting from line 20 at the bottom of page 18.2.“The references
45、need to be carefully reviewed to bring them into the proper format of the journal.”We have corrected the references and format.We used EndNote and did not catch the fact that the format was incorrect for a few references.We are grateful that the reviewer caught this error.3.“What do the data in Figu
46、re 1 represent?”The data illustrated in Figure 1 have been revised and further clarified on p12,2nd paragraph,1st sentence(lines 11-15).The data in Figure 1(A)represent agarose gel RT-PCR results stained with ethidium bromide and visualized using UV light,and Figure 1(B)represent densitometer result
47、s of the gel shown in 1(A).This has been explained more clearly in the figure legend also.4.“There is no reference in Figure 2 to M.p.”The legend for Figure 2(A)stated that M.p.represents M.pneumoniae.In the figure all the time points except time 0 are M.pneumoniae-treated samples;therefore,to avoid
48、 confusion we have deleted all reference to“M.p.”in Figure 2(A).Figure 2(B)is now labeled the same as Figure 2(A).5.“Why not add the antibiotics and M.pneumoniae together?”The reviewers comments on the order of addition of the antibiotics are interesting and well taken.As the reviewer stated,the ant
49、ibiotics reacted so quickly that the results would not have been altered regardless of the order of reagents added.However,to further elaborate for the reader on the experimental design,we have rewritten lines 16-19 on page 15.,II.Response to the stylist errors pointed out by Reviewer number 2.The r
50、eviewers comments have all been incorporated and have improved the manuscript.We have addressed all the suggestions of the three reviewers.Undoubtedly,the incorporation of these reviewers comments has improved the quality and clarity of this manuscript.We enthusiastically believe that these studies
