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1、四级作文透视,从篇章视角的分析,四级作文常考题材和体裁,1 关于大学生学习、生活及对将来的工作、人生等方面的态度和看法；2 贴近社会变化、发展和进步的热点话题；3 四级写作的体裁有议论文、说明文、记叙文和应用文四类；4 作文题材举例：Copycats taking China by stormCurb student spending for future prosperityCan mandatory holidays help Chinese traditional festivals survive?,四级写作的四部曲,1 立意审题：明确题目的基本要求，确定文章的中心思想；2 列纲定局：
2、拟写提纲，确定文章的段落结构；3 组织文章：以提纲为指导，整体布局，合理分配篇幅比例；4 修稿润色：修改的重点在于语法层面。,三段作文法,1 四级作文分为三段，即引入段（introduction),主体（body),和结尾(conclusion)三个部分；2 引入段的写法；3结尾段的写法；4主体段的写法。,句子写作,1 正确句子的三个原则：3 C Complete Coherent Concise2英语句子可以划分为：简单句、并列句以及复合句3 简单句的7中基本类型：SV,SVC,SVO,SVOO,SVOC,SVA,SVOA并列句：并列：and,as well as,either.or.,ne
3、ither.nor.,not only.but also.;转折：but,yet;因果：so;对比：while,whereas,rather than;选择：or,otherwise;(连词）转折：however,nevertheless,still,yet,rather,contrarily;因果：therefore,thus,hence,then,accordingly,consequently;,连接并列句的关系副词,因果：therefore,thus,hence,then,accordingly,consequently;选择：rather.than,列举：firstly,second
4、ly,finally;概括：generally,overall,altogether;补充：furthermore,besides,moreover,likewise,again（副词）,英语复合句的类型,英语名词性从句,1 主语从句：That the sea are being fished has been known for years.2 表语从句:The reason why he was dismissed is that he was careless and irresponsible.3 宾语从句：I will give this dictionary to whoever
5、wants to have it.4 同位语从句：He expressed the hope that he would write a novel someday.,英语形容词性从句,定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as;关系副词有：when,where,why,as 等。定语从句举例：Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.The lady who was here yesterday is an archaeologist.The man whom
6、we met yesterday is a famous anthropologist.That tree,whose branches are almost bare,is a very old one.,英语副词性从句,1 时间：The earth revolves a little more rapidly when it is closer to the sun.2 地点：Please make a mark where you have any doubts and questions.3 原因：She probably did not attend the meeting beca
7、use I did not see her in the hall.4 目的：He always studies hard so that he may make great progress.5 结果：He did not plan his time well,so that he did not finish the work in time.6 让步：Fail as I did,I would not abandon my goal.,英语副词性从句,条件：As long as we dont lose heart,we will find a way to overcome the d
8、ifficulty.方式：I have changed it as you suggest.比较：The project was completed earlier than we had expected.,句式的扩展和组合,1简单句主语的扩展：运用不定式，分词，with结构，并列定语和并列主语：His efforts to carry out the task is admirable.2 简单句谓语的扩展：运用不定式、并列成分、状语、独立结构和介词短语：He does not seem to be interested in it.简单句表语的扩展：be+adj.+to（不定式）；be+
9、adj.+to（介词）；be+adj.+介词：This essay is difficult to read.简单句宾语的扩展：并列的宾语成分,句式结构的深层次划分,1 并列复合句：Tell me whether you can come or not and I will get ready for it.Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so,and you may be fined if you can not prove to the court that you have been excused from wearin
10、g it.2 多重复合句：Slowly,you recognize that the things that matter are those that cannot be bought.“Most designers with existing labels are finding that there are not comparable fabrics that can just replace what you are doing and what your customers are used to,”he says.,句子扩展小练习（classroom quiz),1抓住关键信息:
11、Clearly,science may involve careful observation.Science may include a willingness to be creative.Science may entail looking beyond existing paradigms.The paradigms govern research in a given area of study.2 删繁就简进行提炼：People think of cowboys as free people.Cowboys are unafraid to battle with wild anim
12、als.Cowboys live close to nature with the trees and the skies and the stars.,段落发展的模式,1 段落构成的三个要素：主体句（topic sentence),扩展句（developing sentence),结尾句（concluding sentence).2 段落发展的技巧和模式：段落的写作要体现信息性、趣味性、一致性、发展性、连贯性；段落写作的具体方法有：列举法、举例法、数据法、事实法、权威法、对比和比较分析法、类比法、因果分析法以及定义法。3 段落的衔接(cohesion)和连贯（coherence)4 段落衔接
13、的体现：使用衔接词使用代词指代重复关键词使用平行结构,段落的连贯,1段内句子的连贯：过渡词可以表示逻辑关系：举例：for example,as a case in point,as a illustration;比较：similarly,likewise,equally important;表示对照：on the contrary,by contrast,whereas,conversely;表示让步：although,nevertheless,however,but,yet,in spite of;表示原因：because,as,since,for,owing to,due to,as re
14、sult of,on account of;表示结果：thus,so,hence,consequently,therefore,accordingly,for this reason;表示强调：chiefly,in fact,to be sure,above all,as a matter of fact,no doubt;,段落连贯,表示递进：first,second,in the first place,next,besides,furthermore,moreover,in addition,for one thing,for another,not only.but also.表示结论
15、：in conclusion,in short,on the whole,finally,lastly,to sum up,to conclude;表示时间：earlier,previously,formerly,before,after,as,until,meanwhile,later,afterwards,next;表示空间：above,across,beyond,next to,opposite,under,below,nearby,close to;,段落连贯,2 使用关键词（重复关键词）3 使用代词指代（anaphoric and cataphoric)4 使用同义词或者近义词（sy
16、nonym)5 词义的上义和下义（subordinate/super ordinate)6 词的语义场（semantic field),段落连贯,1段落连贯首位相连2 段落连贯依靠短路的主题句的思想关联3 段落连贯依靠全文的中心思想串联,段落连贯模式（首尾型）,段落连贯模式（融合型）,段落连贯模式（辐射型）,作文的脉络和英文的思维模式,1,作者,读者,作文,评价者,英语的思维模式,1 直线型的思维模式_2 语言修辞的表达词汇选用句式变换修辞选用,句子特点的体现,1 句子的表达效果：Unity,Coherence,Conciseness,Emphasis,Variety2 句子表达效果的体现：句
17、子表达的语气：Declarative,Interrogative,Imperative,and Exclamatory Sentences;句子结构的体现：Simple,Compound,Complex,and Compound-Complex Sentences;Loose,Periodic and Balanced Sentences;Short and Long Sentences.3 Loose and Periodic Sentences:A loose sentence puts first things first.The reverse arrangement makes a
18、periodic sentence.,段落的表达效果及其体现,1 段落的表达效果：Unity,Coherence,Transition2 段落表达效果的体现：Ways of developing paragraphs;段落连贯的体现：I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed:“We hold these truth to be self-evident;that all men are created equal.”This is our hop
19、e.This is the faith with which I return to the South.With this faith we will be able to hew our of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.With this faith we will be able to work
20、 together,to pray together,to struggle together,to go to jail together,to stand up for freedom together,knowing that we will be free one day.,Classroom Composition,Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Free Admission to Museums.You should write at least
21、120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1 越来越多的博物馆免费开放的目的是什么？2 也会带来一些问题；3 你的看法.,Prompts for Composition Writing,1 构思选材（Brainstorm)2 逻辑结构（Logic Structure)3 句法结构（Sentence Structure)4 词汇选择（Lexical Resource)5 困境与对策（dilemma and resolution)A)Brainstorm：简单和贴近生活；B)Logic Structure:逻辑分段与三段论；C)S
22、entence Structure:基本句法结构；D)Lexical Resource:写作中固定表达方式。,Modal Composition,Nowadays,in many metropolises of China,an increasing number of museums are open to the public with free admission.The reason,I suppose,is that the government wants to provide more opportunities for citizen to enrich their knowl
23、edge and get them to know more about the world.However,every coin has two sides.Allowing the public to enter museums free may also bring some problems.For one thing,more visitors swarming into the museums may bring damage to some museum pieces.For another,museums may have to bear huge economic burde
24、ns if they lose their main income.,Modal Composition,In my opinion,the favorable sides of free admission far outweigh its negative effects.This practice can not only enable the kids and teenagers to learn our history and culture in a more vivid and interactive way,but also stimulate their interest in our national history and tradition and therefore promote the spirit of patriotism.As to the economic aspect,museums can get grant-in-aid from the government as well as making money by selling souvenirs.,
