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1、 夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准中窗墙面积比的确定摘要 本文根据夏热冬冷地区不同朝向太阳辐射的变化规律，分析了建筑开窗受太阳辐射的热过程影响，并通过计算分析和对照节能建筑的试点工程的实测分析，提出了夏热冬冷地区节能建筑的窗墙面积比的设计依据。关键词 窗墙面积比 太阳辐射 设计标准B我国夏热冬冷地区气候夏季炎热，冬季湿冷。夏季室外空气温度大于35的天数约1040一，最高温度达到40以上；冬季气候寒冷，日平均温度小于5的天数约2080天，相对湿度大，而且日照率远远低于北方。北方冬季日照率大多超过60%。而夏热冬冷地区由东到西，冬季日照率逐渐减少。东部最高，也不超过50%，只有40%左右；中部30
2、%左右；西部20%左右。重庆只有13%，加之空气湿度高达80%以上，冬季阴雨绵绵，而造成了该地区冬季的基本气候特点是阴冷潮湿。1 窗墙面积比的确定基本原则关于窗墙面积比的确定基本原则是依据这一地区不同朝向墙面冬、夏日照情况（日照时间长短、太阳总辐射强度、阳光入射角大小），冬、夏季季风影响、室外空气温度、室内采光设计标准以及窗开窗面积与建筑能耗所占比率等因素综合来考虑确定的。一般普通窗户（包括阳台门的透明部分）的保温隔热性能比外墙差的多，尤其是夏季白天通过窗户进入室内的太阳辐射热也比外墙多的多，窗墙面积比越大，则采暖和空调的能耗也越大。因此，从节约建筑能耗的角度出发，必须限制窗墙面积比。在一般情
3、况下，应以满足室内采光要求作为窗墙面积比的确定原则，来规定窗墙面积比的数值是它能基本满足较大进深房间的采光要求。2 太阳辐射的主要影响因素由于夏热冬冷地区范围大，东、西部气候条件也各不相同，从建筑能耗角度来看，室外气象参数对窗墙面积的要求也应根据气象参数在不同地区，不同时间的变化规律进行确定。从这一地区建筑能耗分析中，窗对建筑能耗的损失主要二个原因，一是窗的热工性能太差所造成夏季空调、冬季采暖室内外温差的热量损失的增加；另外就是窗因受太阳辐射影响而造成的建筑室内空调采暖能耗的增减。从冬季来看通过窗口进入室内的太阳辐射有利于建筑的节能，因此，减少窗的温差传热是建筑节能中窗口热损失的主要因素，而夏
4、季由于这一地区窗对建筑能耗损失中，太阳辐射是其主要因素，夏季不同朝向墙面太阳辐射温度日变化比冬季要复杂，不同朝向墙面日辐射和峰值出现的时间是不同的，因此，在确定不同朝向的窗墙面积比时也应有差别。如表1、表2所示为这一地区几个城市最近10年（19891998年）气象参数累计10年的统计值。夏季各朝向墙面与水平面上的太阳总辐射照度（W/m2）表1地区地方太阳时6789101112131415161718南京N31771081311481581631601511351138442W(E)276898120137147162363562710778721441SW(SE)377510312413915
5、9309405545579613579320S131196157168261323347331276189145192160H751905127118669691008982892745554335115武汉N49.9106.4134.6152.4176.1190.5195.31190.5176.1152.4134.6106.449.9W(E)25.173.7117.7151.9176.1190.5222.5298.6372.6398.8361.6254.3102.4SW(SE)25.173.7117.7151.9176.1192.5259.2324.5354.934228117862S257
6、41221742332722862722331741227425H95292512698838927956.892783869851229295成都N28871131391571721761721571391138728W(E)14427093109119123303454551572496308SW(SE)1442709310912414561032631729415944S14275113204251259251204113754213H7227043361075084087684075060943324072注：以上数据为19891998的累计10年统计值部分城市室外气象参数近10年来统
7、计值表2冬季夏季冬季夏季冬季夏季南京1.98328.42.62.64648-1440武汉4.14229.22.72.72646-9.838.9成都543.825.51.21.21921-1.036.2注：南京为建筑气候区划标准中数据。根据表1中的数据，取某一天中所测的太阳辐射量为例进行分析，水平表面和垂直表面单位面积上所得太阳直接辐射量分别表示为： （1） （2）式中：qH为水平表面上单位面积所得太阳直接辐射量；为垂直表面上单位面积所得太阳直接辐射量；An为垂直表面方位角；As为太阳方位角； t为时间，式中积分从日出到日没。我们采用Gauss二次型数值积分可计算出（1）和式（2）建筑不同朝向表
8、面单位面积上的太阳辐射，垂直表面以南向方位作为比较基准，那么可以得到不同的相对日辐射量的无因次量，其变化规律如图1、图2所示。可以看到，南向垂直表面冬季日辐射量最大，夏季反而偏小，东、西向垂直表面最大。这与实际情况相符合。表3是东、南、西、北垂直表面以及水平表面冬季和夏季单位面积上的相对日辐射量比较。图1 冬至日垂直表面各朝向单位面积上的相对日辐射量图2 夏至日垂直表面各朝向单位面积上的相对日辐射量以上分析可看出，南向垂直表面冬季太阳辐射量最大，而夏季反而变小，东西向垂直表面最大，这与在夏热冬冷地区纬度较低的实际情况相符合，也就是为什么这一地区尤其注重夏季防止东西向日晒，冬季尽可能争取南向日照
9、由。图3 不同负荷变化曲线在北方地区民用建筑节能设计标准（采暖建筑部分）规定北向窗墙比大于0.25，南向不大于0.35。但在夏热冬冷地区人们无论是过渡季节还是冬、夏两季普遍有开窗加强房间通风的习惯。一是自然通风改善了室内空气质量，二是自然通风冬季中午日照可以通过窗口直接获得太阳辐射；夏季在两个连晴高温期间的阴雨降温过程或降雨后连晴高温开始升温过程，夜间气候凉爽宜人，房间通风能带走室内余热蓄冷，因此，南向窗墙面积比一般控制0.35以内。对于北向窗墙面积比，由于西部地区比东部地区上海，南京和中部地区的武汉等地室外风速小，自然通风时，南北向窗墙比面积相差过大，夏季不宜穿堂风的形成。另外窗口面积过小，
10、容易造成室内采光不足，象西南这一地区冬季平均日照率25%，全年阴雨天很多，在纬度低的这一地区增大南窗的冬季太阳辐射所提供的热量对室内采暖的作用有限，而且经过DOE-2程序计算和工程实例，冬季北向季风对北向窗口热损失不明显大于南窗，窗口面积太小，所增加的室内照明用电能耗，将超过节约的冷暖能耗，这一地区在进行围护结节能设计时，不宜过分依靠减少窗墙比，应重点是提高窗的热工性能。因此在制定标准中规定条件文为：4.0.5窗户（包括阳台门的透明部分）的面积不应过大，不同朝向的窗墙面积比不应超过表4.0.5规定的数值。若窗墙面积比超过表4.0.5的规定值，则必须减小窗户和围护结构的传热系数，采用有效的遮阳措
11、施，并通过计算建筑物的耗热量，耗冷量指标和建筑物的采暖空调年耗量，使之不超过表4.0.5所列的限值。不同朝向窗墙面积比的外窗传热系数 表4.0.5 窗墙面积比0.25窗墙面积比>0.25且0.25窗墙面积比>0.25且0.35窗墙面积比>0.35且0.45窗墙面积比>0.45且0.5冬季最冷月室外平均气温>54.74.73.22.5-冬季最冷月室外平均气温54.73.23.23.2-无遮阳措施4.73.2-有外遮阳太阳辐射透过率20%4.73.23.22.52.5南（偏东30到偏西30范围）4.74.73.22.52.5注：1.厨房、卫生间窗墙比不受此表限制。2.
12、东、西向窗墙面积比大于0.25时，必须按有外遮阳方式考虑。近年来居住建筑的窗墙面积比有越来越大的趋势，这是因为商品住宅的购买者大部分希望自己的住宅更加通透明亮。考虑到临街建筑立面美观的需要，窗墙面积比超过4.0.5条的规定值是允许的，但当窗墙面积比超过规定值时，应首先考虑减小窗户（含阳台透明部分）的传热系数，如采用单框双玻璃或中空玻璃窗，并加强夏季活动遮阳，其次可考虑减小外墙的传热系数。大量的调查和测试表明，太阳辐射通过窗进入室内的热量是造成夏季室内过热的主要原因，日本、美国、欧洲以及香港等国家和地区都把提高窗的热工性能和阳光控制作为夏季防热，住宅节能的重点，而且建筑普遍在窗外安装有遮阳措施。
13、而这一地区现有的窗户普遍为合金窗，传热系数大，空气渗透严重，而且大多数建筑无遮阳措施。因此，应对窗的热工性能和窗墙面积比作出明确的规定。以冬冷夏热地区六层砖混结构试验建筑为例，南向4层一房间大小为5.1m（进深）3.3m（宽）2.8m（高），窗为1.5m1.8m单框铝合金窗在夏季连续空调时，计算不同负荷逐时变化曲线，可以看出通过墙体的传热量占总负荷的30%，通过窗的传热量最大，而且通过窗的传热中，主要是太阳辐射对负荷的影响，温差传热部分并不大，如图3、图4所示。因此，应该把窗的遮阳作为夏季节能措施一个重点来考虑。条文中对西（东）向窗墙面积比限制较严，是因为夏季太阳辐射在西（东）和最大，如图5所
14、示，为夏热冬冷地区几个主要城市夏季不同朝向墙面日辐射强度的日变化规律，可以看出不同朝向墙面日辐射强度的日变化规律，可以看出不同朝向墙面日辐射强度的峰值，以西（东）向墙面为最高，西南（东南）向墙面次之，西北（东北）向又次之，南向墙更为次之，北向墙为最小。因此，对西（东）向窗墙面积比严格控制是合理的，而对南向窗墙面积比定为0.35也符合这一地区起居室窗口面积大这一人们的生活习惯。当然对超过标准表4.0.4规定后，对窗的传热系数和窗户的遮阳太阳辐射透过率作严格的限制，一是真正做到住宅的节能，二又给建筑师设计、开发商、这一地区人们的生活方式提供了更大的空间。图4 窗的能耗指标变化曲线图5 夏季不同朝向
15、墙面日辐射变化曲线参考文献1 中华人民共和国行业标准.JGJ 26-95. 民用建筑节能设计标准，北京，1996。2 中华人民共和国行业标准.JGJ 134-2001、J 116-2001。夏热冬冷却塔地区居住建筑节能设计标准3 夏热冬冷却塔地区居住建筑节能设计标准专题研究报告，夏热冬冷却塔地区居住建筑节能设计标准编制组，20014 杨红，夏热冬冷地区住宅阳台热环境研究D。武汉：华中科技大学，20015 唐鸣放，建筑体形与防热，建筑节能，2001TR /TRorganization system and working mode, the selection of a number
16、of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizat
17、ions at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at
18、 all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the
19、 group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly w
20、ith the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League
21、talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important
22、issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementati
23、on opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session
24、 of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100
25、00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and
26、procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience an
27、d gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission i
28、n Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, trai
29、ning work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further
30、curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, e
31、stablish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively
32、explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the
33、 society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Part
34、y committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young
35、talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information
36、network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting sy
37、stem, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the o
38、rganization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Atta
39、chment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the sp
40、irit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent missio
41、n spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping c
42、onstruction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributi
43、ons.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the importan
