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1、Domestication and Foreignization,Lawrence Venuti(1995),“Domestication and“foreignization”are the terms coined by L.Venuti(1995)to describe the two different translation strategies.1995年由美国翻译理论家劳伦斯.韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti）在译者的隐形(The Translators Invisibility)一书中提出。,Roots of the terms,Schleiermachers argum
2、ent(the German philosopher 施莱尔马赫):There are only two different methods of translation,either the translator leaves the author in peace,as much as possible,and moves the reader towards him(foreignizing);or he leaves the reader in peace,as much as possible,and moves the author towards him(domesticatin
3、g),Foreignization/Alienation,The type of translation in which a target text deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the original.异化就是“接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景”。-孙致礼新编英汉翻译教程P33异化指在翻译中保留原文语言特色，让译文语言的读者感受到异域风情，和其他文化的独特魅力。-张震久，2009，P118,forbidden fruit baptism
4、of fire new wine in old bottles trump card black listflea marketshuttle diplomacycold war All roads lead to Rome.Rome was not built in a day.,禁果炮火的 洗礼旧瓶装新酒王牌黑名单跳骚市场穿梭外交冷战条条大路通罗马 罗马不是一天建成的。,Our destiny offers not the cup of despair,but the chalice(大酒杯)of opportunity.命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。This organiza
5、tion is today collapsing on its clay feet.Its organs have been cut out,dissected and reshaped so that they may perform the way the puppet masters want.马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔2004年在第58届联合国大会上很批联合国是强国的傀儡时说的一番话。今天，这个_的组织正在瓦解。它的器官被割除、肢解、整形，它像木偶一样受人摆布。key:泥足支撑,More Examples（新闻翻译教程P 90-91）,-Chrysler were working fever
6、ishly to bring out their subcompacts（小型汽车）.But the head of the Ford Motor Company had stuck his head in the sand.克莱斯勒公司正在全力以赴推出它们的超小型汽车，而福特公司的总裁却_.Key:把头埋在沙堆里（异化）,Domestication/adaptation,The translation strategy in which a transparent,fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of
7、the foreign text for target language readers.,归化就是“采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值，把原作者带入译入语文化”-孙致礼新编英汉翻译教程P33在翻译过程中把原文文化特色尽量转换到译入语的语言和文化中去。所谓“转换”就是原文的诸多表达手段向译入语文化靠拢乃至融为一体。-张震久，2009，P118,have a wolf by the earsto be out at elbowsat ones wits end seek a hare in a hens nest diamond cut diamond,骑虎难下捉襟见肘山穷水
8、尽缘木求鱼强中自有强中手,laugh off ones head 笑掉脑袋(异化)?or 笑掉大牙（归化）?or.The students must be enjoying the speech,because theyre laughing their heads off.学生们笑得前仰后合，他们一定是很欣赏这个演讲。My brother is the black sheep of the family.black sheep:an unsatisfactory or disreputable member of a family or group 我的弟弟是家里的害群之马。,Give a
9、dog an ill name and hang him.欲加之罪，何患无辞Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.情人眼里出西施。Love me,love my dog.爱屋及乌,-The American ambassador may have a card(ace)up his sleeve.One thing is clear:he has been refraining from doing anything that could drag the United States into the conflict.lay ones cards on t
10、he table 摊派 play ones trump card 打出王牌 call a spade a spade 直言不讳（黑桃）美国大使也许是_。有一点是很清楚的：他一直克制自己不做使美国卷入这场冲突的任何事情。key：胸有成竹,Practice,One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。My maternal grandfather,it is ture,was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-
11、seven,but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eigthty.(Bertrand Russell,How to Grow Old)不错，我的外祖父英年早逝，当时只有67岁，但是_可都活到了80开外。key:我的祖父、祖母和外祖母,Examples for Critical Thinking,“to kill two birds with one stone”一箭双雕、一举两得（归化法）一石两鸟（异化法）Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。But:加菲猫中的一个例
12、子：-Excuse me,maam,please call 911.(中文配音）-对不起，小姐，快打119.,Difference bt.domestication/foreignization&literal/liberal Translations,Domestication and foreignization are the extension of the literal/free translations.The later focuses more on the linguistic features(e.g.sentence structures,grammar,diction
13、,et.),while the former focuses more on the cultural elements.,“直译和意译关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，而归化和异化则突破了语言因素的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学因素。”-孙致礼新编英汉翻译教程，P33,It looks like that its a shotgun marriage for those two.看上去这两个人好像是 _。此系美国口语，可追溯到本世纪20年代，当未婚的女儿怀了孕时，做父亲的为了保全女儿的名节，把男的强行带到教堂，气势汹汹地逼他同女儿结婚，犹如用一支枪（shotgun）抵着他的背
14、部似的。,奉子成婚,傅东华的飘的译本采用的就是归化的手法，傅先生为了使文学作品深入大众，把作品中的主人公加上了中国传统的姓，译成了“郝思嘉（Scarlett OHara）”“白瑞德(Rhett Butler)”,并解释说归化手法的“目的是忠实于全书趣味精神，不在求忠实于一枝一节”（飘序）。,Pearl S.Buck l892-1973）&水浒 原被译作“Water Margin”，指的是书中许多事件的发生地。而赛珍珠认为书名这样去译，西方读者肯定不知所云，因而将自己的译作取名为All Men Are Brothers 四海之内皆兄弟，套用了孔子论语中“四海之内皆兄弟”这句名言。她翻译这部小说，
15、可能又是和父亲及其信条唱对台戏的动机。父亲把英文圣经译成中文以开化异教徒；她反过来把土生土长的中国作品介绍给西方人。Pearl Comfort Sydenstricker(She and her husband held teaching positions in Nanjing University for about 13 years,),Domestication,foreignization and Culture,Lu Xun(鲁迅)once said that before translating,the translator has to make a decision:eith
16、er to adapt the original text or to retain as much as possible the foreign flavor of the original text”.（宁信而不顺）Here“the foreign flavor”just refers to the foreign cultural characteristics,such as some special names,places,history stories,literal quotations,etc.,(1)Translators should have a sense of r
17、esponsibility,to be responsible for introducing the new thoughts,new trends and new things into our culture.(2)In our translation,when we come cross SL texts full of historical,geographical or folk heritage,wed better try very hard to find suitable solutions for them.The best solution so far is to r
18、etain the original image or cultural-specific features with the support of interpretations so that the implications of the story generally accepted by members of the culture eventually get cross to the TL reader.(文化诠释和文化保留相结合),Much of the town was destroyed by bombs in the war,but it was rebuilt and
19、 in the following decade rose from the ashes like a phoenix.该城的大部分在战争中被炸弹摧毁，但是又得以重建，并且在以后十年中像火中的凤凰一样从灰烬中再生。根据埃及神话传说，凤凰栖息在阿拉伯沙漠中，五六百年之后便自焚而死，但不久又从灰烬中再生。此译文保留文化特性的同时适当融入解释，增加了“火中的”三个字。,To Foreignize or Domesticate?,Time for Free Discussion!,Situation in the Past,“20世纪的翻译活动，归化派在大部分时间占有明显优势”。-孙致礼新编英汉翻译教
20、程，P34归化派主要代表人物：Nida,严复，林纾，朱生豪，张谷若，傅雷等。异化派代表人物：Venuti,鲁迅，董秋斯，卞之琳等,英美文化长期被归化理论所统治，提倡流畅的翻译，实际上是不尊重原语文化的“文化帝国主义”。-（韦努蒂，1995：20-21）汉语中的英语外来词要远远多于英语中的汉语外来词如：shed crocodile tears;to be armed to teeth;bungee jumping;伸出橄榄枝(Hold out an olive branch.)、伽马刀(gamma knife)、拉力赛(rally)、蓝牙(Bluetooth)、双赢(win2win)、再如：ho
21、neymoon(林纾译)；show;party;To break the record;Show ones card摊牌;blood is thinker than water;sofa;而英语中的汉语外来词屈指可数：yin,yang,typhoon,ketou,jiaozi Note:taikonaut 宇航员（中华民族科技和文明重新在世界焕发光彩的标志）,Tendency:As translator,we must realize that Chinas policy of opening to the outside world and peoples changed attitudes
22、 towards other cultures have aroused intense interest in knowing the West.In translation,this means a demand for the retention of more foreign elements,both linguistic and cultural.异化理由：1）有必要让读者了解异国文化2）译者应相信读者的智力和想象力能理解异国文化的特异之处3）异化可以丰富目的语文化和语言表达方式But:Weaker voice can be heard:Domestication-oriented
23、“直译”死译“异化”硬化,Readers Consideration(读者关照),It is as significant as a game of cricket.a.这件事如同板球赛一样重要。b.这件事如同吃饭一样重要。c.这件事非常重要。译文a:读者为具有文化洞察力、熟谙英国人酷爱板球运动这一文化背景的人；译文b：为了照顾一般读者的认知，变洋为土 译文c：直接译出原文的涵意。,梁山伯与祝英台 周恩来“中国的罗密欧与朱丽叶”-外交译事中的美谈,归化法的限度：五类词语慎用（略）,1.反映中华民族特殊习俗的:九宵云外 义结金兰 负荆请罪 卧薪尝胆等;2.带有汉字特征的:一字长蛇阵 有眼不识今镶
24、玉 目不识丁等;3:含有中国地名的:江东父老 逐鹿中原 乐不思蜀 庐山面目 逼上梁山等;4.含有中国人名的:女娲补天 廉颇老矣等;5.涉及中国古代传说或故事的:三顾茅庐 嫦娥奔月 盲人摸象 暗渡陈仓 指鹿为马等.,略More than twenty-five-million soldiers and civilians had died during the six years of fighting.在为期六年的战争中，两千五百多万士兵和平民命丧黄泉。在为期六年的战争中，两千五百多万士兵和平民丧命。P.23-24 铜子儿，梅开二度.,Homework,1.Let me have the sk
25、ates,you dont know how to skate.Dont be a dog in the manger.2.Haste makes waste;soft fire makes sweet malt.3.When Mary came down dressed for the dance,her father remarked,Fine feathers make fine birds.4.They say that every dog has its day;but mine seems a very long time to come.5.But in the case of
26、Bacon and Shakespeare,such errors are spots on the sun.,1.Let me have the skates,you dont know how to skate.Dont be a dog in the manger.把冰鞋给我，你不会滑冰，不要占着茅坑不拉屎。2.Haste makes waste;soft fire makes sweet malt.匆忙造成浪费，文火熬出甜糖。3.When Mary came down dressed for the dance,her father remarked,Fine feathers mak
27、e fine birds.玛丽下楼来打扮得漂漂亮亮准备去参加舞会，她父亲说：“真是佛要金装，人要衣装啊！”4.They say that every dog has its day;but mine seems a very long time to come.俗话说：“石头也有翻身日，”可是我的翻身日好像老不见来似的。5.But in the case of Bacon and Shakespeare,such errors are spots on the sun.但就培根和莎士比亚的情况来说，这些错误不过是白璧微瑕而已。,红楼梦译例比较(跨文化翻译中的异化与归化问题，徐建平，中国翻译，2
28、002.Vol.23 NO.5),1.真 是“天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福”。(曹：156)Truly,storms gather without warning in nature,and bad luck befalls men overnight.(Yang:155)I know the weather and human life are both unpredictable.(Hawkes:231),2.癞蛤蟆想天鹅肉吃（曹：165）A toad hankering for a taste of swan(Yang:164)A case of the toad on the groun
29、d wanting to eat the goose in the sky(Hawkes:242)习语：a wild-goose chase 荒谬无益之追求,3.至于才子佳人等书，.(曹：5)As for books of the beauty-and-talented type.(Yang:4)And teh boudoir romance(Hawkes:50)boudoir：闺房4.陋室空堂，当年笏满床。(曹：18)笏：古代大臣上朝拿着的手板Mean huts and empty walls Where emblems of nobility once hung(Yang:16)Mean hovles and abandoned hallsWhere courtiers once paid daily calls(Hawkes:64),
