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1、黄 芪Astragali Radix English Name Milkvetch Root,OriginsPlant MorphologyCollection and PreparationProduction and CommerceDescriptionMicroscopical CharactersChemical ConstituentsPhysical and Chemical IdentificationPharmacologyAction Indication,Main contents,Origins,Tonic herbs 滋补药材Heat-removing drugs 清
2、热药Purgating drugs 泻下药Medicines for rheumatism 祛风湿药Hemostatics 止血药,Plant Morphology,Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao:,odd-pinnately compound：奇数羽状复叶pinnae：小叶，由拉丁语转变而来，复数stipule：托叶lanceolate：披针形的,A perennial herb,main root stout.多年生草本，主根粗壮。Stem erect and branched at the uppe
3、r part.茎直立，上部分枝。Leaves odd-pinnately compound,alternate.奇数羽状复叶，互生。Flowers in axillary racemes,calyx campanulate.花为总状花序，腋生，花萼钟形。,旗瓣,翼瓣,龙骨瓣,花萼,二体雄蕊,racemes：总状花序 calyx：花萼 campanulate：钟状的 corolla：花冠 standard：旗瓣 wing：翼瓣keel：龙骨瓣 diadelphous：二体雄蕊 stalked：柄,Collection and preparationThe drug is collected in
4、 spring and autumn,removed from soil,rootlet and root stock,and dried in sun.春秋季节采收药材，去除泥土、细根、根头，晒干。,Externally pale brownish-yellow or pale brown,with irregular,longitudinal wrinkles,cork easily exfoliated,exposing yellowish-white cortex,sometimes showing reticulated fibre bundles.,Description,表面为浅
5、棕黄色或浅棕色，有不规则纵皱纹和众多横长皮孔样突起，栓皮易剥落而露出黄白色皮部，有时可见网状纤维束。,Wood pale yellow with radiate striations and fissures,the centre part of old root occasionally rotten-wood-shaped,blackish-brown or hollowed.木部淡黄色，有放射状纹理和裂隙，老根中心偶呈枯朽状。,Description,tenacious：粘性的 striation：纹理 fissure:裂隙,木栓层,韧皮部,形成层,木质部,Transverse sect
6、ion,phelloderm 栓内层 collenchymatous cells 厚角细胞sieve tube groups 筛管群parenchymatous cells 薄壁细胞 lignified 木质化,药材黄芪横切面,Powder,primary walls：初生壁 tassel:穗状 truncate：把.截成平头状 bordered pitted vessels：具缘纹孔导管,(1)Flavonoids:formononetin，芒柄花黄素 3-hydroxyformonontin(calycosin),毛蕊异黄酮,Chemical Constituents,R1H R5=OME
7、,R1H R5=OME R4OH,2,3-dihydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyisoflavone：3二羟基7，4二甲氧基异黄烷 3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpane;3羟基9，10二甲氧基紫檀烷,Chemical Constituents,黄芪皂苷I黄芪皂苷II黄芪皂苷III黄芪皂苷IV黄芪皂苷V黄芪皂苷VI黄芪皂苷VII,黄芪皂苷VIII 大豆皂苷I,Saponins,astragaloside,soyasaponin,(3)Sugars:astragalan,D-glucose,D-fructose,sucrose;多糖类：黄芪多糖，D葡萄糖
8、，D果糖，蔗糖；(4)Others-sitosterol,choline,betaine,palmitic acid,linoleic acid,linoleinic acid,etc.谷甾醇，胆碱，甜菜碱，棕榈酸，亚油酸，亚麻酸等。,Chemical Constituents,Physical and chemical Identification 理 化 鉴 别,3g powders,Apply the filtrate to a prepared neutral aluminium oxide column,methanol,20ml,boil,1h,elute with 100 ml
9、of 40%methanol,Evaporate the eluate on a water bath to dryness,Dissolve the residue in 30 ml of water and extract by shaking with two 20-ml quantities of n-butanol saturated with water,Dissovle the residue in 0.5ml of methanol as the test solution.,Combine the n-butanol solutions and wash with two 2
10、0-ml quantities of water.discard the water solution and evaporate the n-butanol solution to dryness on a water bath.,取本品粉末3克，加甲醇20毫升，置水浴上加热回流1小时，过滤，滤液加于已处理好的中性氧化铝柱上（100120目，5克，柱内径1015毫米）。用100毫升40%甲醇洗脱，收集洗脱液。水浴蒸干，残渣加30毫升水溶解，用水饱和的正丁醇萃取两次，每次20毫升，合并正丁醇溶液，用水洗涤，正丁醇液蒸干，残渣加0.5毫升甲醇溶解作为供试品溶液。,Dissolve astraga
11、loside IV CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution.另取黄芪甲苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1毫升含1毫克的溶液，作为对照品溶液。,Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography(TLC）(Appendix B)using silica gel G as the coating substance and the lower layer of a mixture of chloroform,methanol
12、and water(13:7:2)as the mobile phase.Apply separately to the plate 2 l of each of the two solutions.After developing and removal of the plate,dry it in air,spray with 10%sulfuric acid in ethanol,and heat at 105 to the spots distinct.,参照薄层层析色谱法（附录 B）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2微升，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以氯仿甲醇水（13：7：2）混合溶液的下层
13、溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%的硫酸乙醇溶液，并于105加热至斑点清晰。,A brown spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and color to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.Examine under ultra-violet light(365 nm),orange-yellow fluorescent spots are shown in bot
14、h chromatograms.,黄芪甲甙黄芪药材黄芪药材黄芪药材,供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的棕色斑点。置荧光灯365nm下检视，在供试品和对照品色谱中具有 橙黄色的荧光斑点。,Filter-filtrate 过滤-滤液Neural aluminium oxide column 中性氧化铝Elute-elutate 洗脱-洗脱液Residue 残渣n-butanol saturated with water 水饱和正丁醇The test solution 供试品溶液CRS chemical reference standards 化学对照品The reference s
15、olution 标准溶液Thin layer chromatography 薄层色谱Sulfuric acid 硫酸 formic acid 甲酸Fluorescent spots 荧光斑点,取本品粉末1g，加三氯甲烷20ml，加热回流30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加三氯甲烷1ml使溶解作为供试品溶液。另取五味子对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取五味子甲素对照品，加三氯甲烷制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。,To 1 g of the powder add 20 ml of chloroform,heat under reflux on a water bath for 0.5
16、 hour,filter,evaporate the filtrate to dryness.Dissolve the residue in 1 ml of chloroform as the test solution.Produce a solution of Fructus Schsandrae Chinensis reference drug in the same manner as the reference drug solution.Dissolve deoxyschizandrin(五味子甲素)CRS in chloroform to produce a solution c
17、ontaining 1 mg per ml as the reference solution.,照薄层色谱法（附录VIB）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各2uL，分别点于同一硅胶GF254薄层板上，以石油醚-甲酸乙酯-甲酸（15：5：1）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外灯光下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。,Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography(Appendix VI B),using silica gel GF254 as the coating substance and th
18、e upper layer of petroleum ether(3060)-ethyl formate-formic acid(15:5:1)as the mobile phase.Apply separately to the plate 2 ml each of the three solutions.After developing and removal of the plate,dry it in air,examine under ultraviolet light(254 nm).The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the t
19、est solution correspond in position and colour to the spots obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.,Pharmacology,(1)Tonifying effects:Continuous administration of the decoction to mice for three weeks increase their body weight and prolongs swimming time.The herb is con
20、sidered a qi tonic.滋补作用：黄芪为补气药。小鼠连续给予其煎出液三周，能增加体重和延长在水中游泳时间。,(2)Diuretic effect:In animal studies,oral ingestion or injection of the extract induces diuresis.利尿作用：动物试验研究表明，口服或注射给予黄芪提取物均能引起尿量增多。,(3)Effect on nephritis:It has been proven effective against experimentally-induced nephritis,especially in
21、 treating proteuria.Patients with proteuria that are given the herb recover faster than those in the control group.对肾炎的作用：黄芪被证明对实验性肾炎有效，尤其对蛋白尿效果较好。由肾炎引起蛋白尿的患者服用黄芪后恢复比对照组快得多。,(4)Cardiotonic effect:The herb increases contraction of normal hearts,its cardiotonic effect being even more dramatic in heart
22、s exhausted by fatigue and poison.强心作用：增强正常心脏的收缩功能。对于劳累或中毒所致心脏衰竭起效迅速，强心作用明显。,(5)Vasodilation effect:It dilates blood vessels,improves blood circulation of the skin,and enhances nutrition.舒张血管：扩张血管，改善皮肤血循环，并增加营养。,(6)Antibacterial effect:In vitro the herb has antibacterial action upon Shigella dysente
23、riae,Streptococcus haemolyticus.Diplococcus pneumonia,and Staphylococcus aureus.抗菌作用：体外抗菌活性实验表明，黄芪对痢疾志贺菌，溶血性链球菌，肺炎双球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用。,(7)Hypotensive effect:In animal studies,the herb has been proven to lower blood pressure,probably through its vasodilation action.降压作用：动物实验研究表明，黄芪具降低血压的作用，可能与其舒张血管的作用有
24、关。,Action,To reinforce qi and strengthen the superficial resistance,and to promote the discharge of pus and the growth of new tissue.补气固表，排脓生肌。,Indications,Deficiency of qi with lack of strength;anorexia and loose stools,sinking of spleen-qi mainfested by chronic diarrhea,prolapse of rectum,hemafacia and abnormal uterine bleeding;spontaneous sweating due to weakened superficial resistance;edema due to deficiency of qi;abscess difficult to burst or heal;anemia;wasting-thirst caused by internal heat;albuminuria in chronic nephritis;diabetes.气虚乏力，久泻脱肛，自汗，浮肿，子宫脱垂，慢性肾炎引起的蛋白尿、糖尿病、疮口久不愈合。,
