《英汉翻译中的词汇.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英汉翻译中的词汇.ppt（28页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Review,翻译文体原语&译语 文化内翻译语言内翻译 跨文化翻译跨语言翻译商务英语翻译,直译 literal translation;word-for-word translation意译 free translatione.g.1.Its a Smoke Free Area.直译：这是个自由吸烟区。意译：这是个无烟区。e.g.2.Shakespeare put his hometown on the map.直译：莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。意译：莎士比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。,第三章 英汉翻译中的词语翻译,教学要点与要求：1、词语翻译的注意事项2、英汉词语和汉语词语在表达上的差异,3.
2、1 词语翻译的注意事项常用词的翻译（切忌望文生义）,Often an individual must supply personal accounting information in order to buy a car or home,to qualify for a college scholarship,to secure a credit card,or to obtain a bank loan.Large corporations are accountable to their stockholders,to government agencies,and to the pub
3、lic.通常，个人为了买车、买房，为了获得大学奖学金、申请信用卡或从银行贷款，都必须出具本人的财务资料。大公司有责任向其股东、政府机构和广大公众说明公司的财务状况。,3.1.1（切忌望文生义）,busboy 餐馆勤杂工(不是“公汽售票员”)busybody 爱管闲事的人(不是“大忙人”)dry goods(美)纺织品；(英)谷物(不是“干货”)heart man 换心人(不是“有心人”)mad doctor 精神病科医生(不是“发疯的医生”)eleventh hour 最后时刻(不是“十一点”)blind date(由第三者安排的)男女初次会面(并非“盲目约会”或“瞎约会”),3.1.1（切忌
4、望文生义）,dead president 美钞(上印有总统头像)(并非“死了的总统”)personal remark/s 人身攻击(不是“个人评论”)sweet water 淡水(不是“糖水”或“甜水”)confidence man 骗子(不是“信得过的人”)criminal lawyer 刑事律师(不是“犯罪的律师”),service station加油站(不是“服务站”)rest room 厕所(不是“休息室”)dressing room 化妆室(不是“试衣室”或“更衣室”)A dead duck很可能会失败的计划、想法等,3.1.1（切忌望文生义）,sporting house 妓院(不
5、是“体育室”)horse sense 常识(不是“马的感觉”)capital idea 好主意(不是“资本主义思想”)familiar talk 庸俗的交谈(不是“熟悉的谈话”)black tea 红茶(不是“黑茶”)black art 妖术(不是“黑色艺术”),black stranger 完全陌生的人(不是“陌生的黑人”)white coal(作动力来源用的)水(不是“白煤”)white man 忠实可靠的人(不是“皮肤白的人”)yellow book 黄皮书(法国政府报告书，以黄纸为封)(不是“黄色书籍”)red tape 官僚习气(不是“红色带子”),3.1.2 勤查字典，注意一词多义
6、,He is the last man to come.他是最后来的。He is the last man to do it.他决不会干那件事。He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。He should be the last(man)to blame.怎么也不该怪他。He is the last man to consult.根本不宜找他商量。This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。She is the last person Id expe
7、ct to meet in a disco.我万万没想到会在迪斯科舞厅中见到她。,3.1.3 词语的感情色彩,“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world.”Johson：Dictionaries are like w
8、atches:the worst is better than none,and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.Mark Twain：The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug“用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”(用词准确与用词几乎准确，二者之间的差异就如同闪电之光和萤火虫放屁之异。),3.1.3 词语
9、的感情色彩,depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说，含义各不相同：He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in th
10、at area.,3.1.3 词语的感情色彩,The old couple made a persistent effort to search for their daughter lost in the war.这对年老的夫妇执着地寻找着他们在战争中丢失的女儿。She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.她被没完没了的电话铃声搞得心烦意乱。Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客
11、之一。Although he is very young,he is very ambitious in his research work.他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。,3.1.4 注意词语使用的语体,词语的语体体现了语言的语域（register）。英语词语分为五种语体：hyperformal formal normal informal hyperinformal,超正式体正式体普通体非正式体 超非正式体。汉语词语分为三种语体：书面体、普通体和口语体,3.1.4 注意词语使用的语体,the fate of men is as grim and bleak as the fa
12、te of women.Toilers and warriors.(S.R.Sanders:“Women and Men”)男人的命运和女人的一样凄怆悲凉。做苦工，当战士。(S)做苦役，当炮灰。,3.1.4 注意词语使用的语体,The home of your dreams awaits you behind this door.Whether your taste be a country manor estate or a penthouse in the sky,you will find the following pages filled with the worlds most e
13、legant residences.打开门，恭候您的就是梦寐以求的家。无论您企盼的是一座乡间宅第，抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋，翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您选择。,语体和风格的把握,（拜伦致其情妇书）Everything is the same,but you are not here,and I still am.In separation the one who goes away suffers less than the one who stays behind.(谈艺录)一切如常，只是你走了，而我仍在此。两人分手，远行的人总不如留下的人这么受苦。此间百凡如故，我仍留而君已
14、去耳。行行生别离，去者不如留者神伤之甚也。,3.2 英汉词语（在表达上的）差异,英语词汇的涵义范围比较宽，比较丰富多彩，词义对上下文的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小。（刘宓庆，1986：100）现代汉语词语的涵义范围比较狭窄，词义比较精确、固定、严谨，其伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小，具有较强的独立性。,科技的迅速发展和英国在国际上的地位，各个行业、各种集团都尽可能使用英语常用词汇来表达各种概念。在这种背景下，英语词义的范围很容易扩大。汉字作为因形生义的象形文字，有着悠久的历史传统，有特殊的民族文化底蕴和内涵，加上词义的精确、稳定、规范等，不易于受到外部环境的影响，不易于变化。,词义的选择，语境（
15、context）,Wittgenstein：The meaning of a word is its use in the language.Firth:Each word when used in a new context is a new word.Mr.Colllins has a compliment,and an allusion to throw in here,which were kindly smiled on by the mother and daughter.(J.Austen:Pride and Prejudice,Ch.14,V.II)说到这里，柯林斯先生赶忙恭维
16、了一句，又举了个例子，母女俩听了，都粲然一笑。(P)说到这里，柯林斯先生赶忙恭维了一句，还暗示了一下原因，母女俩听了，都粲然一笑。,“And you are my uncle,then!”she cried,reaching up to salute him.(E.Bront:Wuthering Heights,Ch.7,V.II)“这么说，你是我的姑父啦，”他嚷道，走到他跟前，行了个礼。(P)行了个礼 吻You cannot build a ship,a bridge or a house if you dont know how to make a design or how to rea
17、d it.(collocatioin)不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造船、架桥或盖房子。,Develop,His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after take-off.他的飞机在起飞后只飞行了七英里就发生了机械故障。（collocaitonal or selectional restrictions）Inspired by these ideas,in 1752,Franklin developed a practical lightning rod.(common/horse sense)由于受到这些思想的激发，弗兰克林
18、于1752年发明了很实用的避雷针。,Collocational or selectional restrictions,A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observation.假设是科学家经过大量观察而得出的具体结论。Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed.大部分钱是靠出售他培育土豆新品种的秘方得来的。,Collocation,As young Goddard
19、 grew into manhood,he developed tuberculosis.年轻的戈达德长大成人时患上了结核病。As early as his second film,Chaplin had developed his own manner of acting,the one that was to become world famous.早在他演第二部电影时，卓别林就已经形成了他自己的表演风格，这就是他后来闻名于世的那种表演风格。Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.多年
20、来，为开采这部分矿床已经作了几次努力。,Photographers return and the photos are quickly developed.摄影记者回来了，很快把照片冲洗好了。Some married people who are not satisfied with their family may resort to the Internet to develop an extramarital affair.一些对家庭不满意的已婚男女也会借助互联网去搞婚外恋。,Ex.,He got into trouble when he paid his bills with rubb
21、er checks.他用空头支票结账，并给自己带来了麻烦。It is an international agreement that no government should take hijackers under its wing.根据国际协定，任何政府都不能包庇劫机者。,About Broadway Autos,Broadway Autos is a subsidiary of Broadway International Inc.of Portland,Oregon.Broadway manufactures and markets two types of battery-drive
22、n electric vehicles:short-range delivery vehicles and one-person cars for disabled people.The vehicle bodies are manufactured in Broadways own factory,but all other components including electric motors,batteries and wheels are bought to two months stock and assembled in the factory.Over the years BR
23、OADWAY has built up a good relationship with its suppliers,most of whom have been working with them for many years.,百老汇汽车公司简介,百老汇汽车公司是设在俄勒冈州波特兰市的百老汇国际公司的子公司。该公司生产并销售两种电瓶驱动的汽车：短程运货车和单人座残疾人车。车身在百老汇汽车公司所属的工厂里生产，但是其他部件，包括电动机、蓄电池组和车轮都是外购的，备有两个月的库存，并在该厂组装。多年来，百老汇与其供货商建立了良好的关系，其中大部分供货商已与之合作多年。,Homework,1.收集一词多义的翻译例句 2.收集涉及褒贬译法的例句,
