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1、Unit Nine:Requirements for Effective Sentencesand Oft-witnessed Sentence Improprieties inEnglish Learners,学习内容预告：本单元之后，我们将简要讨论英语不同语体中的语言特点。,Requirements for Effective English Sentences:1)Unity（语义完整）2)Coherence（句式连贯）3)Conciseness（表达简洁）4)Emphasis（重心突出）Most problems occur with(2)and(3).Lets now look at
2、 them one by one.,1)Unity:A sentence has unity when it expresses a single complete thought in words.Faulty:Born in Ulm of Germany in 1879,Albert Einstein grew up to be a famous physicist.Faulty:The boy is too young.Note:In specific context of conversation,the second type of sentence fragments may be
3、 clear.,Another fault type:run-on sentences(串句指的是用逗号连接的两个独立的单句。)The Interpol decide to curb international drug trafficking,it has claimed too many lives so far.I took lots of vitamin C,I still came down with the flu.,2)Coherence:A sentence is coherent when its words or parts are properly connected a
4、nd their relationships made unmistakably clear.But in a number of situations,the coherence is violated.We shall examine them one by one.,(1)Parallel constructions（并列结构）Parallel constructions are used to express parallel ideas:Example:March winds and April showers bring forth May flowers.,Let us be r
5、uthless in our criticism,cruel to personal vanities,and indifferent to age,rank or experience if these stand in our way._ Norman BethunePlato thought that when we saw something,one ray of light came to it from the sun,and another from our eyes,and that seeing was something like feeling with a stick.
6、,Problems with parallel constructions:Faulty:When we arrived home,we unpacked our suitcase,took showers,and then we went to sleep after eating lunch.Americans encourage their children to get ahead,to excel,making money and acquiring possessions.Our new car not only is more economical but it is more
7、comfortable than our old one.,Faulty:Many people choose air transportation because it is fast,offers convenience,and it is not very expensive.James Joyces Ulysses,a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list,has been banned by the school board.,(2)Problems with pronoun references(代词
8、指代)A pronoun must refer unmistakably to its antecedent,i.e.,the noun whose place it takes.Or else problems occur.A.Ambiguous referenceFaulty:She told my sister that she was wrong.George hit John and Tom hit him.Can you correct them?,B.Implied antecedent:Obscure:As she was greatly influenced by her h
9、istory teacher,she chose it as her major.In Dreisers Sister Carrie,he describes a penniless girls way to success.He was knocked down by a bicycle,but it was not serious.How shall we correct them?,(3)Dangling and misplaced modifiersA.Dangling modifier Dangling:To get up early,the clock was set at six
10、.After correcting all the mistakes,the second draft of the paper wasmuch better than the first.Although seriously ill,the boss made her work ten hours a day in the hot workshop.,How shall we correct the mistakes?Dangling:To appreciate the English language,a lot of reading must be done.Although only
11、a small boy,my father expected me to do a mans work.A painting attracts the visitors eye on the east wall.,B.Misplaced modifier Misplaced:Nanjing University has many well-known professors well-known at home and abroad.改The Japanese mountaineer sent us the full story of his rescue from Tibet.I bought
12、 the hat at a small county store which cost$5.25.,Misplaced:You can call your girl friend in Beijing and tell her about my taking you out to dinner for just sixty cents.The teacher returned to his office after a long illness on Monday.,How shall we improve these?Misplaced:I saw a man with a dog who
13、has flees.I saw a man on top of the hill with a telescope.,(4)Confusing shiftsA.Confusing shifts in person and number Confusing:An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper,you should not plagiarize（剽窃，抄袭）.Students who wish to take linguistics are asked to sign his nam
14、e on a sheet of paper.Whats wrong with them?,B.Confusing shifts in voice,mood and tenseConfusing:He left the library when his paper is written.If he lives to be 86,he would see the year 2050.In college,students should learn to analyze and solve problems on their own.Try to help them acquire this abi
15、lity.,(5)Mixed and incomplete constructionsA.Mixed constructionsMixed:By taking a No.10 bus is one way to get to Tiananmen Square.His job is a teacher.Because he said nothing does not mean that he agreed to your proposal.Whats wrong with them?,B.Incomplete constructionsIncomplete:My hometown is clos
16、er to Nanjing than（to）Shanghai(is).The older generation have great faith(in)and earnest hopes for the young.He said that they should make full use of the water power of the river and(so)a highway should be built here.,3)Problems with concisenessWordy:It was blue in color(round in shape,small in size
17、).In the early part of the month of August.,Sometimes,it is necessary to change the sentence structure to avoid wordiness:There was a pine that stood like a giant on the top of the mountain.It towered into the clouds.The giant pine towered into the clouds.,Wordy:In my opinion,I think your plan is fe
18、asible.Some of the enterprises are jointly run by a factory in collaboration with a nearby community.May I have the honor of soliciting your beneficial opinions on the lecture?,4)Problems with emphasis Which idea in a sentence is to be emphasized should be carefully considered.But this is often negl
19、ected.Faulty:He saw an old woman get on the bus,quickly standing up to offer her the seat.Walking into the classroom,the teacher carried a big book under his arm.,Weak:He became a general of the Red Army at 29,having distinguished himself in action.(order of the construction)Important contents shoul
20、d be arranged in climatic order,unless one intends to produce a humor:,Example:She was neat,pleasant and honest.But:I lost my bag and with it,my wallet,my ID card and my dirty socks.,Also,the long part should better be placed after a short part:Examples of impropriety:That they will meet this years
21、production quota two months ahead of time is very clear.His spectacles,an English dictionary,a cup of tea,books and notes lay on the small table.,Now,lets do some exercises to consolidate what we have learnt in this unit.1)These birds fly swiftly and their food consists of seeds,berries and small fi
22、sh.2)She began to speak very fast at the meeting at 10 oclock.3)I may go to the lecture,for he is a friend of mine.,4)There were several books in her bag,which she intended to give to her children.5)Listening attentively,a faulty sound was heard.6)This task is too difficult.7)She said that she would
23、 come if she could,but not to look for her.8)Being in a cage,I am not afraid of the lion.,13)When Watt observed the power of steam,he was helping his wife to prepare breakfast.14)He was selfless,responsible and modest;thats why he became a great scientist.15)To teach him a lesson,he was fined 5 doll
24、ars.16)While waiting for my friends to say goodbye,the moon rose above the horizon.,17)When learning to spell English words,spelling rules should be remembered.18)Mrs.Jones,a hardworking and single woman,was among his neighbors.19)They have to study these subjects,no matter they like it or not.20)He is the person who was appointed to be class representative by the whole class.,Of course,it takes a considerably long time to improve your English.So long as you keep working hard,some day youll be successful.Next week,I shall present a lecture on the styles in English.,
