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1、Unit 5 Performance of the Contract,所谓合同的履行，是指合同生效后，合同当事人按照合同的约定，实施属于合同标的的行为，如交付约定的标的物、提供约定的服务，支付约定的价金或者报酬。合同的履行，是全部合同法律制度的核心，是其他一切合同法律制度的归宿或者延伸。,The principles for performance合同履行的基本原则,1）fully perform 合同全面履行原则合同法第60条第1款规定：“当事人应当按照约定全面履行自己的义务”The parties shall perform their obligations thoroughly acc
2、ording to the terms of the contract.2）good faith 诚实信用的原则 第2款规定：“当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据合同的性质、目的和交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。”The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith and perform the obligations of notice,assistance and maintaining confidentiality,etc.based on the character and purpose of the contract o
3、r the transaction practices.,Obligations of the seller under CISG,1.Delivery of the goods and handing over of documents If the contract involves carriage of the goods,the seller needs to hand over the goods to the first carrier;If no transportation is stated,and the contract relates to specific good
4、s,or unidentified goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or produced,and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the goods were at,a particular place,in placing the goods at the buyers disposal at that place,the buyer fulfill his duty of delivery.In
5、 other cases,the seller places the goods at the buyers disposal at the place where the seller has his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract.The seller shall hand over documents relating to the goods at the time and place and in the form required by the contract.,Obligations
6、 of the seller under CISG,2.Conformity of the goods and third party claims The seller must deliver goods which are of quantity,quality and description required by the contract or packaged in the manner required by the contract.3.The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of
7、 a third party,unless the buyer agreed to take the goods subject to that right or claim.The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property,of which are the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller
8、 knew or could not have even unaware.,Obligations of the Buyer under CISG,1.Payment of the price The buyer muss pay the price for the goods:(1)at the place required by the contract;or if no place is specified,(2)at the sellers place of business,or(3)if the payment is to be made against the handing o
9、ver of the goods or of documents,a the place where the handing over takes place.,Obligations of the buyer under CISG,The buyers obligation to take delivery consists:(1)in doing all the acts which could reasonably be expected of him in order to enable the seller to make delivery;and(2)in taking over
10、the goods.,Passing of risk under CISG,a.If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller isnt bound t hand them over at a particular place,the risk passed to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the contra
11、ct of sale.If the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place,the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place.Nevertheless,the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract,whether
12、 by markings on the goods,by shipping documents,by notice given to the buyer or otherwise.,b.the risk in respect of goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract.But,if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought to have
13、known that the goods have known that the goods had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer,the loss or damage is at the risk of the seller.c.in other cases,the risk passes to the buyer when he takes over the goods or,if he does not do so in due time,fro the time when the goods ar
14、e placed at his disposal.,合同履行中发生的权利 抗辩权,所谓抗辩权，是指用以对抗他人请求权或者否认他人权利主张的权利。双务合同履行中的抗辩权，是指在符合法定条件时，当事人一方对抗对方当事人的履行请求权，暂时拒绝履行其债务的权利。(1)Simultaneous Performance rejection 同时履行抗辩权(2)Rejection to perform by the party required to perform later 后履行抗辩权(3)Right to Suspend Performance by the party required to pe
15、rform first 先履行抗辩权，亦称不安抗辩权,Simultaneous Performance Rejection 同时履行抗辩权,Where the parties owe performance toward each other and there is no order of performance,the parties shall perform simultaneously.Prior to performance by the other party,one party is entitled to reject its requirement for performa
16、nce.同时履行抗辩权：是指双务合同的当事人一方，在对方未对待给付之前或者履行不适当时，有权拒绝自己的履行。适用条件：（1）须由同一双务合同互负债务（2）须双方互负的债务均已届清偿期（3）须对方未履行或未适当履行债务,案情简介：甲与乙在2005年3月份签订一份合同，双方约定甲应于同年5月份向乙交付10台冰箱，乙应同时向甲交付价值5万元的制冷机。后来甲企业转产不从事冰箱行业，但由于过去业务上的来往欠丙借款5万元。于是与商场丙达成合意，由丙来接受乙交付的制冷机。甲丙达成协议后，甲就此事通知了乙，乙表示到时会将制冷机交给丙企业。同年5月份，乙已准备好应该交付给丙的制冷机，但甲却于此时未向乙提供冰箱。
17、乙于是对丙表示，除非甲对其履行，否则他为避免风险不会对丙履行。丙此时才知道甲乙之间的关系，表示这与他无关，双方发生争议。在受到乙的抗辩后，丙找到甲向其要求要么马上向乙履行，要么返还欠款。甲不同意，主张合同已签订，不能反悔，只说尽快履行其对乙的债务。,Rejection to perform by the party required to perform later 后履行抗辩权,Where the parties owe performance toward each other and there is an order of performance,prior to performanc
18、e by the party required to perform first,the party who is to perform subsequently is entitled to reject its requirement for performance.是指在双务合同中应当先履行的一方当事人未履行或者不适当履行到履行期限的，对方当事人享有不履行或部分履行的权利。适用条件：第一，须由同一双务合同互负债务。第二，须由一方当事人先为履行。第三，先履行的一方不履行或不适当履行合同债务。,Right to Suspend Performance by the party require
19、d to perform first,The party required to perform first may suspend its performance if it has conclusive evidence establishing that the other party is in any of the following circumstances:先履行抗辩权，亦称不安抗辩权，是指在双务合同成立后，应当先履行的当事人有证据证明对方不能履行义务，或者有不能履行合同义务的可能时，在对方没有履行或者提供担保之前，有权中止履行合同义务。适用条件：第一，须因双务合同互负债务第二
20、，须当事人约定一方应先履行债务。第三，先履行的一方有确切的证据证明另一方不能或不会作出对待履行。,合同法第68条规定：“应当先履行债务的当事人，有确切证据证明对方有下列情形之一的，可以中止履行：（一）经营状况严重恶化；（二）转移财产、抽逃资金，以逃避债务；（三）丧失商业信誉；（四）有丧失或者可能丧失履行债务能力的其他情形”(i)Its business has seriously deteriorated;(ii)It has engaged in transfer of assets or withdrawal of funds for the purpose of evading debt
21、s;(iii)It has lost its business creditworthiness;(iv)It is in any other circumstance which will or may cause it to lose its ability to perform.,陶瓷买卖合同纠纷案仍依前例。被告发现原告经营状况严重恶化，将可能没有能力支付剩余的30000元货款，故决定先不发货，要求被告提供相应的担保或者先将货款支付完毕才发货。原告遂向人民法院起诉，要求被告严格履行合同，先发货才向其提出支付剩余货款。审判理由及结果：法院经审理认为：该买卖合同之履行有先后之分，被告有先应履
22、行之义务而不履行，反而要求有后履行义务一方先行履行其义务，是不合理的。但因其具有法定之事由，既经查明原告经营状况发生严重恶化的情形，被告行使其先履行抗辩权，即是合理合法的，故判令驳回原告的诉讼请求。,合同的保全 债权保全权,所谓债权人的债权保全权，是指债权人行使该项法律所规定的权利，为防止债务人的责任财产的不当减少，确保无特别担保的一般债券得以清偿；因其保全责任财产，最终使债权得以保障，因此称为债权人的债权保全权。,债权保全权-Subrogation 代位权,Where the obligor delayed in exercising its creditors right against
23、a third person that was due,thereby harming the obligee,the obligee may petition the Peoples Court for subrogation,except where such creditors right is exclusively personal to the obligor.债权人的代位权是指当债务人怠于行使其对第三人的权利，听任责任财产减少害及债权人的债权时，债权人为保全其债权，以自己的名义向第三人行使债务人现有债权的权利。合同法第73条规定：因债务人怠于行使其到期债权，对债权人造成损害的，债
24、权人可以向人民法院请求以自己的名义代位行使债务人的债权，但该债权专属于债务人自身的除外。,代位权行使的要件：（1）债权人对债务人的债权必须合法、确定，且必须已届清偿期。（2）债务人怠于行使其到期债权（3）债务人怠于行使权利的行为已经对债权人造成损害（4）债务人的债权不是专属于债务人自身的债权。,原告：某市工商贸易公司被告：某市鹏威 百货公司第三人：某市智达贸易公司原告与第三人曾签订购销合同，第三人向原告购买家用电器一批，价值人民币100万元。原告依约发货后，第三人未能在合同约定期限到来时给付货款。原告多次催款，均未果。此时，第三人提出，被告曾在半年前向其购买电视机、冰箱等，共计人民币150万元
25、，至今亦未清偿货款，但由于其与该被告为老主顾的关系，不愿意与之发生诉讼，只好等到其有能力偿还时才清偿该笔款项；现在其确实无力偿还所欠原告的该笔款项，请原告宽限时日。原告见第三人享有到期债权而不行使，遂向人民法院起诉，请求判令被告立即偿还所欠第三人的款项，由于第三人仅欠其100万元，因此其也仅主张所诉欠款中的100万元。,审判理由及结果：人民法院经审理认为：在原告与第三人的合同关系中，第三人确实拖欠原告货款；而在第三人与被告的合同关系中，被告也确实拖欠第三人货款。但因第三人怠于行使其到期债券，在被告的还款期限届至之时，未能采取积极措施促使被告偿还货款，同意被告延期偿还，致使原告的合法债权受到损害
26、而无法实现。原告依其债权人债权保全权之规则，行使代位权，合法有理，应予支持。根据民法通则及有关法律的规定，判决被告自判决生效之日起15日内向第三人支付所欠货款100万元。,债权保全权-撤销权cancellation right,债权人的撤消权，是指当债务人积极地减少责任财产而害及债权人的债权时，债权人为保全其债权，以自己的名义向法院请求撤销该行为的权利。Where the obligor waived its creditors right against a third person that was due or assigned its property without reward,t
27、hereby harming the obligee,the obligee may petition the Peoples Court for cancellation of the obligors act.Where the obligor assigned its property at a low price which is manifestly unreasonable,thereby harming the obligee,and the assignee was aware of the situation,the obligee may also petition the
28、 Peoples Court for cancellation of the obligors act.,撤销权的要件：（1）债权人对债务人必须享有合法有效的债权（2）债务人实施了一定的有害于债权的行为撤销权行使的期限撤销权自债权人知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内行使。自债务人的行为发生之日起五年内没有行使撤销权的，该撤销权消灭。,Amendment and Assignment of Contracts 合同的变更和转让,Amendment 合同的变更 内容的变更A contract may be amended if the parties have so agreed.指合同成立后，
29、在尚未履行前或者尚未完全履行前，当事人在原合同的基础上对合同的内容进行修改或者补充。,Amendment and Assignment of Contracts 合同的变更和转让,Assignment 合同的转让 主体的变更 The obligee may assign its rights under a contract in whole or in part to a third person,except where such assignment is prohibited 1）Assignment 债权让与 对债务人的通知Where the obligee assigns its
30、rights,it shall notify the obligor.2）Delegation 债务转移 经债权人的同意Where the obligor delegates its obligations under a contract in whole or in part to a third person,such delegation is subject to consent by the obligee.3）合同债权债务的概括转移 Concurrent Assignment and Delegation Upon consent by the other party,one p
31、arty may concurrently assign its rights and delegate its obligations under a contract to a third person.,2000年10月15日，甲建筑公司与某砖厂签订了一份合同，约定：由砖厂在2000年11月底之前向甲建筑公司供应机制砖20万块，价格2万元；交货地点为砖厂；交货方式为自提。合同签订后，甲建筑公司即将货款全部付给了砖厂。后来，由于甲建筑公司承建的工程停建，故其不再需要20万块机制砖，而此时乙建筑公司恰好需要20万块机制砖。于是，甲建筑公司将20万块机制砖的合同债权转让给了乙建筑公司，但甲没有将合同债权转让的情况通知砖厂。当乙建筑公司前往砖厂提货时，遭到了砖厂的拒绝。,Termination of contract 合同的终止,清偿：债务按照约定履行。抵销：是指互负债务的双方，各以其债权充当债务的清偿，而使其债务与对方的债务在对等额内相互消灭。提存：由于债权人的原因而无法向其交付合同的标的物时，债务人得将该标的物交给提存机关而消灭合同的制度。免除：免除即债权人抛弃其债权，全部或部分终止合同关系的单方行为。混同：指债权与债务同归于一人，致使合同关系消灭的事实。合同解除：合同解除是消灭有效合同之效力的法律行为，有单方解除和双方解除之分。,
