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1、V-ing 形式由“doing”构成,其否定形式是“not doing”,V-ing可以带宾语或状语构成V-ing短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。,V-ing 形式,A.直接加ing B.去e加ing C.以重读闭音节且只有一个辅音字母结尾的动词，双写辅音字母加ing,V-ing 形式构成,(not)doing,(not)being done,(not)having done,(not)having been done,动词-ing形式属于非谓语动词。包括动名词形式和现在分词形式,区别：动名词：S.O.P.Attributive=n.pron.现在分词：P.Attributiv
2、e.C.Adverbial=adj.adv.,主语S.,宾语O.,表语P.,定语Attractive,补足语C.,状语Adverbial,主语S.,句子成分(Members of a Sentence)什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。,把句子的各个成分搞清楚，也就是把句子各部分的关系搞清楚。做到这一点，才可以
3、准确地理解句子的意思或造出结构正确、意思明白的句子。有一点要注意，在分析句子结构时，应该抓住主要成分。我们分析句子结构，划分句子成分无非是为了理解，或者是为了造句。这个目的达到了就行了，不必过于细致，更不要钻牛角尖，否则就会事倍功半。各种语言有各自的规则、各自的习惯，而且语言是很灵活的东西，发展过程也很复杂，很难把语法的现象都做出明确、统一的解释来。在使用一种语言时，语法应让位于习惯。符合习惯的，有时尽管不符合语法，也是正确的。,英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、
4、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,英语五种基本句型列式如下：1：（主谓）2：（主谓表）3：（主谓宾）4：（主谓间宾直宾）5：（主谓宾宾补）,基本句型 一此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。（不及物动词）,1.The sun was shining.2.The moon rose.3.The universe remains.4.We all breathe,eat,and drink.5.Who cares?6.What he said does not matter.7.T
5、hey talked for half an hour.8.The pen writes smoothly,基本句型 二此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。,这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be,look,keep,seem等属一类，表示情况；get,grow,become,turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。（是系动词）,1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The di
6、nner smells good.3.He fell in love.4.Everything looks different.5.He is growing tall and strong.6.The troubleis that they are short of money.7.Our well has gone dry.8.His face turned red.,基本句型 三此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。（及物动词）,1.Who knows the answ
7、er?2.She smiled her thanks.3.He has refused to help them.4.He enjoys reading.5.They ate what was left over.6.He said Good morning.7.I want to have a cup of tea.8.He admits that he was mistaken.,基本句型 四此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承
8、受者之前时，这一介词被省略。（及物）（多指人）（多指物）,1.She ordered herself a new dress.2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.3.He brought you a dictionary.4.He denies her nothing.5.I showed him my pictures.6.I gave my car a wash.7.I told him that the bus was late.8.He showed me how to run the machine.,基本句型 五此句型的句子的共同特点
9、是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。（及物）（宾语）（宾补）,1.They appointed him manager.2.They painted the door green.3.This set them thinking.4.They found the house deserted.5.What makes him think so?6.We saw him out.7.He asked me to come back soon.8.I saw them getting on the bus.,但常用的英语句子
10、并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。,下面以基本句型五为例：We found the hall full.我们发现礼堂坐满了。We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。We found the great hall full of students and teachers listeni
11、ng to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。,We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。,不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样，因此在学习动词时，应掌握动词的类型。,Grammar,动词
12、-ing形式作主语和宾语,动词-ing形式作主语 1.动词-ing形式作主语表示抽象的或泛指的动作,谓语动词用单数。如：Reading aloud is very important for us to learn a foreign language.Going to bed early and getting up early is considered to be a good habit.,2.动词-ing形式作主语时常后置,用it作形式主语，用形容词或名词作表语。常见的作表语的名词或短语有：no use,no good,fun,hard work,a hard/difficult j
13、ob,a wonder,a waste of time等。如：Is it worthwhile quarrelling with her?Its no good waiting here.Lets go home.It was a waste of time reading that book.,3.“There is+no”后可以用动词-ing形式作主语，表示“没法”。如：There was no telling when this might happen again.没法预料这样的事什么时候会再发生。There was no knowing what he could do.他能做什么很
14、难说。,动词-ing形式作宾语 1.有些动词如admit,avoid,consider,escape,deny,risk,suggest等后能接动词-ing形式作宾语，而不能接动词不定式。如：Were considering paying a visit to the Science Museum.,2.有些短语如cant help,be used to,end up,feel like,lead to,be busy,be tired of,be fond of,be afraid of,be proud of,think of/about,put off,keep on,insist on
15、,be good at,give up等后常接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语。如：I have been used to living here.Im fond of collecting stamps and coins.,3.need,require,want作“需要”解时,后接动词-ing形式作宾语,主动形式表示被动意义,相当于to be done。如：The radio needs/requires/wants repairing/to be repaired.,常跟动词ing作宾语的动词歌诀:,考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成停能赏，不禁介意准逃亡，不准冒
16、险凭想象。,consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse,pardon admit,delay/put off,fancy avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practise deny,finish,stop,enjoy/appreciate cant help,mind,allow/permit,escape forbid,risk,imagine,当动词ing作宾语，后面又有宾语补足语时，常用it做形式宾语，而把真正的宾语动名词ing置后。,I dont consider it worthwhile going such a p
17、lace.She found it useless arguing with him.Do you think it any good trying again?,4.作介词宾语，即介词后接动名词ing。I havent succeedede in persuading him.He always thinks much before doing anything.,注意 动词-ing形式的复合结构是指在动词-ing形式的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，要在动词-ing形式前面加上逻辑主语来强调动作的执行者。整个复合结构相当于一个名词，具有名词属性，可以做S.O.P.,该逻辑主语常为形容词性物主代
18、词或名词所有格；当逻辑主语在句中时，可用人称代词的宾格代替形容词性物主代词或用名词普通格代替名词的所有格。如：,物主代词时表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的属格形式。,I really cant understand his treating you like that.=I really cant understand him treating you like that.Im annoyed about Johns forgetting to pay.=Im annoyed about John forgetting to pay.,2.动词-ing形式的否定形式是在其前面加not，带有逻辑
19、主语时not应在动词-ing形式之前。如：Not cleaning her teeth made her smell bad.Your schoolmates not coming home in time made her parents worried.,需要注意的问题：,以下的动词后面加动词的不定式作宾语：decide,hope,expect,seem,agree,afford,arrange,choose,offer,plan,promise,determine,demand,manage,fail,prepare,refuse,pretend,常跟不定式作宾语的动词歌诀：,三个希望两
20、答应，两个要求莫拒绝,设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择。,hope;wish;want;agree;promisedemand;ask;refusemanage;learn;decide pretend;choose,想要拒绝命令，需要努力学习,期望同意帮助，希望决定开始。,want;refuse;order need;try;learn expect;agree;help hope;wish;decide;begin;start,以下的动词后面既可接动词的不定式又可以接动词的ing作宾语：hate,love,prefer,remember,forget,regret,like,try,stop
21、,begin,start,既跟动词ing又接不定式作宾语的动词歌诀:,双方一旦开始，不论喜欢与否，都得继续下去。不管记住与否，努力打算停止，后悔三个需要。,begin,start,like,prefer,hate,dislike,continue.remember,forget,try,mean,stop,regret,want,need,require,Homework,Next time well learn Organic Farming on Page 14.If possible,please find some information.Todays homework is to finish all Exercises on Page 49 and 50.,
