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1、ADVANCED ENGLISH,(Revised Edition),高级英语,张汉熙 主编 王立礼 编,外语教育与研究出版社,FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESERCH PRESS,Introduction,1.Textbook2.Course description3.Teaching contents4.Teaching hours5.Teaching procedures6.Examination7.The types of examination8.Requirements,Textbook,Advanced English(Book I&Book I
2、I)by Zhang HanxiForeign Language Teaching and Research Press,1995,Teaching Contents,Advanced English is a very important required senior course.It focuses on the training of language skills,which undertakes the ultimate analysis of the deeper structure of language system.It aims at the further impro
3、vement of the students feel of language and their ability in reading and writing.,Teaching Procedures,1.Introduction2.Detailed study of the text3.Organizational pattern of the text4.Writing style analysis5.Rhetorical devices6.Text analysis7.Exercises and assignments,Examination,1.The assessment of t
4、his course will be close-book examination.2.Students will be tested how much they have learned about the texts,and their abilities to grasp vocabularies,to understand the texts,to analyze the organizational patterns,to appreciate the language features,and to translate the passages.,The types of Exam
5、ination,1.Vocabulary 2.Comprehension of the Text3.True or false questions4.Analysis of the rhetorical devices5.Reading comprehension6.Error correction7.Short-answer questions8.Paraphrase9.Term definition10.Translation11.Writing,Paraphrase,1.What is paraphrasing?2.Two pre-conditions of paraphrasing3.
6、Plagiarism4.Properties of a paraphrase 5.Guidelines to Paraphrasing,1.What is paraphrasing?,Paraphrasing is the rewording of some given material into simpler language,often stated as“rewrite in your own words”.,2.Two pre-conditions of paraphrasing,1)You have fully understood what you have read.2)You
7、 know how to reword the difficult parts into your simpler language without changing the original meaning.,3.Plagiarism,Paraphrasing is not a simple process of substituting difficult words and expressions with synonyms or synonymous terms,or changing the structure of some sentences,for example,changi
8、ng an active-voiced structure into passive-voiced,or vice versa.This will be considered plagiarism.e.g.The time is ripe to sweep the language field of American politics.Plagiarism:a)The time is right to clean up the language field of American politics.(Use of synonyms)b)The time is ripe for the lang
9、uage field of American politics to be swept.(Changing the sentence structure)Acceptable:It is time to clean up the language field of American politics.,4.Properties of a paraphrase,1)The wording should not copy too much from the original material,or it should be considered plagiarism.2)The meaning s
10、hould be as close as possible to the original,but the wording should be as different as possible.3)The language of the paraphrase should be simpler and easier to understand than the original.4)Lengthy expressions in the original could be made more concise,but condensation is not required of paraphra
11、sing.In fact,a paraphrase could even be slightly longer than the original,if necessary.5)Technical words,specific terms in different fields of study do not need to be paraphrased.,5.Guidelines to Paraphrasing,Step One:Read the original material carefully a few times to fully understand its contents
12、and implications.Step Two:Paraphrasing the“total recall”approach the“part-by-part”approachA checklist based on the prosperities of a good paraphrase,The“total recall”approach,1.After having read and digested the contents of the materials,this materials is then put aside.2.To“recall”as much as possib
13、le of the original,and write it down in your own words.3.Go over your version to see how much you have recalled correctly,and how much you have missed.4.Return to the original,compare your version with it,and revise your version.,The“part-by-part”approach,1.Read and digest the contents of the materi
14、als 2.Word-by-difficult word,phrase/clause-by-difficult phrase/clause,change the original wording to simpler wording in various ways3.Combine the separate parts into a coherent and grammatical whole,making sure that the final version conforms generally in meaning and structure to the original4.Check
15、 your version with the original.,A checklist based on the prosperities of a good paraphrase,1.Has too much been copied from the original?(Using more than 3 words in a row is often considered“coping”.)(Key words)2.Has the original material been correctly understood?Has anything significant been omitt
16、ed,distorted,or exaggerated?3.Is your version easier to understand,or harder to understand than the original?If it is harder to understand,some revision to make it easier is needed.4.Has the original writers tone and attitude been interpreted correctly?Are the ideas in your version arranged logicall
17、y,as in the original?,Teaching Hours,Advanced English will be finished in one and a half academic years.In the first year,there are six periods per week.In the third term,four periods per week.In the two books,there are 30 texts altogether(16 in Book I and 14 in Book II).,Course Description,This tex
18、tbook is more advanced as far as teaching contents and requirements are concerned.In classroom teaching,we are to approach various types of writing and texts and pay more attention to the analysis and the appreciation of the theme,the background information,the intentions of the authors,the organiza
19、tional pattern,language features,rhetorical devices as well.,Requirements,1.Full attendance2.Duty report3.Glossary book4.Exercises5.Quiz(dictation,writing,etc.)6.Note-taking7.Performance in class,Advanced English(Book I),Lesson 1 The Middle Eastern Bazaar,Teaching Contents,1.Background Information2.
20、Detailed Study of the Text3.Organizational Pattern of the Text4.Writing Style Analysis5.Rhetorical Devices6.Text Appreciation 7.Exercises and Assignments,Background Information,1.Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation Pieces for Overseas Students2.Middle East3.Bazaar,Advanced Comprehension and Appr
21、eciation Pieces for Overseas Students,This piece is taken from the book Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation Pieces for Overseas Students.It was prepared by L.A.Hill and D.J.May and published by the Oxford University press in 1962.This is the third book in the series which began with Comprehensio
22、n and Precis Pieces for Overseas Students by L.A.Hill,and continued with Further Comprehension and Precis Pieces by R.D.S.Fielder and L.A.Hill.The author in his introduction states:“This third book is intended for students preparing for the Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency Examination,and for st
23、udents in the top class of secondary schools or in the first year of a university course.”,Middle East,1.The Origin of the Term“Middle East”2.The Map of Middle East3.What occurs to you when the term Middle East is mentioned?4.The Features of Middle East,The Origin of the Term“Middle East”,1.It refer
24、s to the area around the eastern and southern Mediterranean Sea(from Turkey to North Africa and eastward to Iran).2.Historically Europe was considered the center of the world(欧洲中心论),and London was the partition of the eastern and the western hemisphere.China,Japan,India and southeastern countries ar
25、e far to London,so this part is referred as Far East.3.And there is another term of Near East,which generally refers to the east part of Europe.Note:The three terms are not geographical ones.There is no agreement on the exact classification of far east,middle east and near east.,What occurs to you w
26、hen the term Middle East is mentioned?,veiled womenmen in robes or turbansbelly dancecopper vesselscarpets(rug,tapestry)spicesthe mosqueMuslimsthe KoranAllahdesertoasis miragecamels,sandstorm,sand dusttrade caravan merchants silk roadcaravansary Pyramids mummies sphinxpetroleumThe NileGulf warsJerus
27、alem(Holy City),Veiled women,men in robes and turbans,belly dance,copper vessels,carpets(rug,tapestry),the mosqueMuslims,desert and oasis,trade caravan&silk road,Caravan Stop in the Desert,caravansary,Picture of Jerusalem Israel,Picture of Jerusalem Israel,The Features of Middle East,Poor or rich?In
28、 the past the area is actually poor,before the oil is found and extracted by the western countries.Thus the typical bazaar in the Middle East is a rural market,not so prosperous as that in the present days.Landform(地貌)?Desert is the main terrain feature.The area is also called Arabian Asia,because t
29、he population there is Arabian.Religion?The main religion there is Islam.Most people there are Muslims.,Bazaar,1.Introduction of bazaar2.Some pictures,Introduction of bazaar,1.Origin:Bazaar is a word from the Persian word bazar,which is a term used commonly in eastern Asia and southern Asia,referrin
30、g to a market place,where a variety of goods are sold.2.In the past it referred to a rural market,now it also refers to a market center in the city.In Chinese,we call it 巴刹，for example,in Singapore.,The photo of the Middle Eastern bazaar,The photo of the Middle Eastern Bazaar,The Photo of the Middle
31、 Eastern bazaar,Detailed Study of the Text,1 The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds-even thousands-of years.The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic-arched gateway of aged brick and stone.You pass from the heat and glare of a big,open square into a cool,dark cavern whi
32、ch extends as far as the eye can see,losing itself in the shadowy distance.Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar.The roadway is about twelve feet wide,The Middle Eastern Bazaar,Detailed Study of the Text,but it is
33、 narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.The din of the stall-holder crying their wares,of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously,and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy
34、.,Detailed Study of the Text,2 Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar,the noise of the entrance fades away,and you come to the muted cloth-market.The earthen floor,beaten hard by countless feet,deadens the sound of footsteps,and the vaulted mud-brick walls and roof have hardly any sounds to ec
35、ho.The shop-keepers speak in slow,measured tones,and the buyers,overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere,follow suit.,Detailed Study of the Text,3 One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar is that shopkeepers dealing in the same kind of goods do not scatter themselves over the bazaar,in order t
36、o avoid competition,but collect in the same area,so that purchasers can know where to find them,and so that they can form a closely knit guild against injustice or persecution.In the cloth-market,for instance,all the sellers of material for clothes,chaircovers and so on line the roadway on both side
37、s,each open-fronted shop having a trestle table for display and shelves for storage.Bargaining is the order of the day,and veiled women move at a leisurely pace from shop to shop,selecting,pricing and doing a little preliminary bargaining before they narrow down their choice and begin the really ser
38、ious business of beating the price down.,Detailed Study of the Text,4 It is a point of honour with the customer not to let the shopkeeper guess what it is she really likes and wants until the last moment.If he does guess correctly,he will price the item high,and yield little in the bargaining.The se
39、ller,on the other hand,makes a point of protesting that the price he is charging is depriving him of all profit,and that he is sacrificing this because of his personal regard for the customer.Bargaining can go on the whole day,or even several days,with the customer coming and going at intervals.,Det
40、ailed Study of the Text,5One of the most picturesque and impressive parts of the bazaar is the copper-smiths market.As you approach it,a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear.It grows louder and more distinct,until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes,a
41、s the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers.In each shop sit the apprentices boys and youths,some of them incredibly young hammering away at copper vessels of all shapes and sizes,while the shop-owner instructs,and sometimes takes a hand with a hammer himself.In the ba
42、ckground,a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows worked by a string attached to his big toe-the red of the live coals glowing bright and then dimming rhythmically to the strokes of the bellows.,Detailed Study of the Text,6 Here you can find beautiful pots and bowls en
43、graved with delicate and intricate traditional designs,or the simple,everyday kitchenware used in this country,pleasing in form,but undecorated and strictly functional.,Detailed Study of the Text,7 Elsewhere there is the carpet-market,with its profusion of rich colours,varied textures and regional d
44、esigns-some bold and simple,others unbelievably detailed and yet harmonious.Then there is the spice-market,with its pungent and exotic smells;and the food-market,where you can buy everything you need for the most sumptuous dinner,or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and apprentices and eat your
45、humble bread and cheese.The dye-market,the pottery-market and the carpenters market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar.Every here and there,a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard,perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai,where camels lie disdainfully ch
46、ewing their hay,while the great bales of merchandise they have carried hundreds of miles across the desert lie beside them.,Detailed Study of the Text,8 Perhaps the most unforgettable thing in the bazaar,apart from its general atmosphere,is the place where they make linseed oil.It is a vast,sombre c
47、avern of a room,some thirty feet high and sixty feet square,and so thick with the dust of centuries that the mudbrick walls and vaulted roof are only dimly visible.In this cavern are three massive stone wheels,each with a huge pole through its centre as an axle.The pole is attached at the one end to
48、 an upright post,around which it can revolve,and at the other to a blind-folded camel,which walks constantly in a circle,providing the motive power to turn the stone wheel.This revolves in a circular stone channel,into which an attendant feeds linseed.,Detailed Study of the Text,The stone wheel crus
49、hes it to a pulp,which is then pressed to extract the oil.The camels are the largest and finest I have ever seen,and in superb condition muscular,massive and stately.9 The pressing of the linseed pulp to extract the oil is done by a vast ramshackle apparatus of beams and ropes and pulleys which towe
50、rs to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels.The machine is operated by one man,who shovels the linseed pulp into a stone vat,climbs up nimbly to a dizzy height to fasten ropes,and then throws his weight on to a great beam made out of a tree trunk to set the ropes and pulle
