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1、第七章句子的翻译,Teaching objectives：使学生掌握汉译英中主谓语的确定，否定句和被动句的翻译方法Teaching Focus：汉译英中主谓语的确定，和否定句的翻译方法Time Allocation：90 minutes Teaching Methods and Strategies:teacher presentation and class discussion,Teaching Procedures,1.主语的确定2.谓语的选择3.语序的调整4.否定句的翻译,1.主语的确定,1.1 汉英主谓结构的差异“主语和谓语的关系可以是动作者和动作的关系.但在汉语里,这种句子(即使把
2、被动的动作也算进去,把是也算进去)的比例是不大的,也许比50%大不了多少.因此在汉语里,把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待,比较合适.”赵元任汉语口语语法,七大主要英语的主语施动主语(agentive subject)：受动主语(affected subject)：工具主语(instrumental subject)：地点主语(locative subject):时间主语(temporal subject)：事件主语(eventive subject)：it作主语:表时间、气候或距离：作形式主语：,Susan is growing flowers,Her books translate well
3、,A stone broke the glass,The jar contains honey.,Yesterday was Monday.,The dispute over the problem lasted a decade,It is very late Its very hot in summer here.,It is impossible to finish the paper in ten minutes.,1.3 主语选择的原则1.3.1 增加主语1）增加泛指的主语“we,you,one”等。,1:充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济增长、扩大就业和活跃市场等方面的重要
4、作用。（上海理工大学04年考博英语翻译试题）We should take advantage of non public-owned economy,including individual,privately owned etc.,to fulfill its significant effect on accelerating economic improvement,enlarging employment,and flourishing the market.2:然而，要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何，考试是考不出名堂来的。（中国人民大学02年考博英语翻译试题）But they
5、are of vain if you want to know about the gift,intelligence or practical abilities of a person.3:凡事应该适度，适度是最安全的。（天津大学01年考博英语翻译试题）One should be moderate in all things,and moderation is always the safest way.,2)增加英语代词it作主语4:自从理查德尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌症宣战以来已经有30年了。（武汉大学03年考博英语翻译试题）It is already three dec
6、ades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.5:大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在。（中国人民大学03年考博英语翻译试题）It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research work at a basic level.6:知道这个答案是有用的如果你想到英语国家去念大学，或者你想找一份需要英语技能的工作的话，通过语言考试那就至关重要了。Its useful to know the answer it is vital if you want to be e
7、nrolled in a college or university in an English-speaking country,or if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.,3）增加there be7:还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府的资助。（武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题）There will still be some people living in extreme poverty,who are still in need of the governments financial
8、 support.8:举例来说，在早先的法国洞穴绘画里，早于公元前10，000年的绘画中没有人与人打仗的画面。（复旦大学02年考博英语翻译试题）For example,among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10，000 B.C.,there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.,Assignment:下雨了。It is raining.改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于试验。When it comes to reforms and opening-up,we
9、must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿不到Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing.,1.3.2主语必须是句中应该突出的信息这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes a
10、nd to move people out of areas being flooded 上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital,1.3.3主语必须符合英美人的思维视角找工作处处碰壁，搞得我心乱如麻。My job-hunting has failed again and again and it made me terribly upset.“无灵主语”(inanimate subject)，表示抽象概念、心理感觉、
11、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)，表示人或社会团体的动作和行为:see，find，bring，give，escape，surround，kill，deprive，seize，send，know，tell，permit，invite，take，drive，prevent.from等。,这时我激动得说不出话来。Words failed me here.我昨天收到你的信。Your letter reached me yesterday.我一时记不起他的名字。His name escaped me.不同的人对退休持不同的态度。Attitudes towar
12、ds retirement vary from person to person她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.我害怕起来了，而且越来越害怕。Then fear set in and commenced to build up他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。A dark stain on the carpet caught his eyes/suddenly attracted his attention.他两天就抽完了一包烟。A pack of cigarettes lasts him on
13、ly two days.,A.原文中表示条件、原因等意思的词语可在翻译中用来作主语走廊的地毯厚厚的，我走在上面，一点脚步声也没有。The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps没有几天的工夫，由于抢购，商店里的货就买光了。Within days,panic buying emptied store shelves,B.原文中表示时间的词语可在翻译中用来作主语，同时谓语改为 see,witness,find 等1998年召开了九届一次全国代表大会。The year 1998 witnessed the convo
14、cation of the 1st Session of the 9th National Peoples Congress.C.可以采用“there be”句型取代原文的主语他今天的举止有些反常There is something strange about his behavior today.这个事件不象看上去的那样简单。There is more to the incident than meets the eye.新工作不见得比原先的工作强。There is no guarantee that the new job will be better than the old one.,
15、1.3.4 主语必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯“他的英语讲的很好”His English speaks good.He speaks good English.,我们的事业从胜利走向新的胜利。A series of victories have been won for our cause我国的社会主义建设事业需要尽可能多的知识分子为它服务。China needs the service of as many intellectuals as possible in building socialism任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的。Any emerging thing is bound
16、to experience difficulties and setbacks before it reaches maturity,1.3.5 主语必须符合行文连贯的需要,一天，父亲来封快信，上面说：“顷得汝岳丈电报”One day an express letter came from his father It read as follows：“I have just received a telegram from your father-in-1aw.”语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。The mastery of 1anguage is not easy and requ
17、ires painstaking effort我父亲狂热地追求绘画，绘画已成了他生活的一切，要比母亲，比他的孩子，甚至比他自己都更为重要。For my father，painting was a governing passionIt came before Mother，before his children and even before himself在未来的许多岁月里，人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。The overall effect of the flood on Chinas economy will be felt for many years to come报告的其他
18、部分没有提到这一点。This point was not mentioned elsewhere in his report,Assignment:钱你不用还了。You dont have to pay it back/repay the money.这锅饭能吃十个人。This wok/pot of rice can feed ten people.这匹马骑着两个人。On the horse were riding two people.给国家纳税是天经地义的事。It is only right and proper that we should pay taxes to the state.
19、从她那儿能找到解决问题的办法。We can turn to her for a solution.说的是古代的一个老头，名叫愚公The story is about an old man named Yugong in ancient times.,2.谓语的选择,2.1选择谓语要注意时态、人称和数的变化1:过去的五十年并不是发明创新的黄金时期 The past fifty years was not really a golden age for inventions and creations.2:实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了我国经济水平。Since China sta
20、rted to implement the policy of opening up to the outside,its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised.,封闭,2.2 常常选择汉语原文的动词谓语作英语译文的谓语，但是选择谓语需要注意“瞻前顾后”3:中国加入世贸组织以后，外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。（中国人民大学04年考博英语翻译试题）After Chinas entry into WTO,m
21、ore opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in China and larger space for their own development.4:迄今为止，教育工作还没有找到比考试更有效、更可靠的方法。（中国人民大学02年考博英语翻译试题）So far,there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education.,企业家,2.3对
22、汉语中名词、数量词、形容词等可以作谓语的情况，一般可以用英语的“系表结构”来翻译“我北京人，你呢”“他今年81了”“今天天气热，昨天凉快。”,5:投资规模偏大。（四川大学04年考博英语翻译试题）The investment scale is too large.6:很多道路太窄。（天津大学02年考博英语翻译试题）Many of the roads are too narrow.,注意：如果汉语原文有明显的被动意味，则应该选择对应的谓语动词，并且用英语的“被动结构”来翻译汉语的被动标志：受到、得到、加以、得以、为所、由来、是的,7:此外，对于那些刚刚脱贫的人们，他们目前的生活状况必须改善。（武汉
23、大学04年考博英语翻译试题）Furthermore,the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty.8:“学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列。（湖北省03年考博英语试题联合考试翻译试题）Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order.9:美国的经济体制主要是围绕着私人企业和以市场为导向而建立起来
24、的。（四川大学04年考博英语翻译试题）The economic system of U.S.A.is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.10:他们的生产和生活状况没有从根本上被改变。（武汉大学04年考博英语翻译试题）Their production and living conditions have not been changed fundamentally.11:各国的人权问题主要由各国政府和人民自己来解决，世界的人权问题要由世界各国政府和人民共同参与来解决。（中国社会科学院
25、04年）Each countrys human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own government and people,while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world together.,2.4 对汉语的“连动式”特殊句型，可以选择一个主要动词作为英语译文的动词谓语，其他次要动词用英语的“非谓语动词”形式，介词词组的形式，或者用“and”来连接几个动词“我去问”。“他们结了帐搬走了”。,1）用分词和不定式等非谓语动词来翻译次
26、要动词，如：12:我们花很少的钱就能够买到一份日报。（西南财经大学04年考博英语翻译试题）We spend very little money buying a piece of daily.13:市政府于去年底启动了一项“净空”工程，关闭了大气污染严重的企业。（首都经贸大学06年考博英语翻译试题）The municipal government started an air-decontamination project at the end of last year,closing the enterprises that cause heavy pollutions.,市政的；都市的,消
27、除污染,2）用英语的介词短语可以表达汉语中的动词概念，如：14:我将乘飞机离开北京。I will leave Beijing by plane.3）用英语“and”或”or”连接词来连接几个动作15:从社会总体、长远的利益出发，政府可以运用税收、转移支付等方式适当调节收入分配差距，扶助弱势群体，维护整个社会的和谐、稳定。（财政部财政科研所05年，略有改动）From the society as a whole and long-term profit perspectives,the government can use tax or transfer payment to appropria
28、tely adjust the difference of income distribution so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society.,Assignment:她把照片接过来放在茶几上。She took the photo and laid it on the coffee table.市政府采取各种措施招商。The city government takes many measures to invite investment.不久，他抱着一个大西瓜回来了。Soon he came
29、back,holding a big watermelon in his arms.,invite investment,2.5 对汉语中的“兼语式”特殊句型，可以选择汉语原文中第一个动词充当英语译文的谓语动词，汉语第一个动词后面的结构则可以采用“宾语和宾语补足语”的形式来翻译“兼语式”指“谓语是由一个动宾结构和一个主谓短语套在一起构成的，谓语中前一个动宾结构兼作后一个主谓结构的主语”（刘月华等 使用现代汉语语法北京：商务印书馆 P.708）。如：“你请他来”我们“一般”可以把汉语的“兼语式”谓语翻译为英语的“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”结构。如：16：疼痛使他喊出了声。The pain m
30、ade him cry out.17：我等他来。I am waiting for him to come.,Assignment:他要求他的学生独立思考。He asked his students to think for themselves.招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来新加坡洽谈项目。The delegation of inviting investment has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Singapore to hold talks on different projects.,3.语序的调整3.1 定语的
31、位置1 实现我国社会主义现代化是一项我们必须努力完成的任务。译文:The socialist modernization of our country is a task that we must do our utmost to fulfill.2 她很高兴能够遇到那幅画的艺术家。译文:She was very happy to meet the artist who painted the picture.,Exercises:我们已经试过各种可能的办法了。We have tried every way possible.在山顶上有一座十丈高的宝塔。On the top of the hi
32、ll stands a pagoda about a hundred feet high.这就是我少年时生活过的地方.This is the place where I spent my childhood.,pagoda,注意：某些以-ible或-able结尾的形容词做定语，尤其与every,the only,或形容词最高级连用来修饰名词时，常常后置这是唯一能想出的解决办法。This is the only solution imaginable.通常作表语用的形容词在作定语时，习惯后置。只有这把钥匙能开这个门。The key alone will open the door.某些分词作定语
33、时常后置。有关当局 the authorities concerned 说话的人 the man speaking 当一个名词有几个形容词作定语时，在英语中，越能说明事物本质的定语越要靠近它所修饰的名词。一般情况下，英语形容词词序的排列遵循：限定词大小、长短、高低形状年龄、新旧颜色国籍、地区、出处、材料名词这一规律。一张木头小圆桌 a small round wooden table,3.2 状语的位置汉语：时间 地点 方式 动词英语：动词 方式 地点 时间他每天早晨在教室里认真地学习。He studies hard in the classroom every morning.,3.3 叙事
34、与表态的顺序如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。It would be appreciated if samples and/or brochures could be soon forwarded to us.驾车经过这一地区 真是太危险了。It is dangerous to drive through this area.,小册子；说明书,4.否定句的翻译4.1 否定译成肯定她抱怨名单上没有她的名字。She complained about the omission of her name from the list.4.2 肯定译成否定他们工作时总是互相帮助。有问题就直接提出来吧。4.
35、3 否定转移：分句谓语转移到主句谓语我们认为他们不可能按时到达。We dont think they can arrive in time.她觉得她再也不能忍受她丈夫的侮辱。She doesnt feel that she can stand her husbands insult any longer.,They never work without helping each other.,Dont hesitate to raise your questions.,4.4 运用正说或反说时应注意：1.部分否定。闪光的未必都是金子All is not gold that glitters.并
36、非人人生来富有All men are not born rich.在美国并非一切都好Everything is not good in the United States.,2.双重否定没有不犯错误的人There is no man but errs.没有调查就没有发言权No investigation,no right to speak.,汉语中常用“没有+主语+不+谓语”这一双重否定的结构，而英语中否定形式的主语习惯上不能与否定形式的谓语连用。,翻译这类句子时，（1）可把主语和谓语都改成肯定形式；（2）也可用另一结构的双重否定式：there be+否定的主语+否定形式的定语从句，如：The
37、re was nobody who did not feel excited.或：There was nobody but felt excited.,强意的肯定意义：cannot(can never)too(over,more,enough)，例如：做实验时我们越小心越好We cannot be too careful in doing experiments.科学研究的重要性无论怎样估计都不过分The importance of scientific research cannot be overvalued.,3.交通标志和公共告示用语在汉译英时，应完全遵从英语的表达习惯，注意正说与反说的转换。禁止停车 勿靠近车门 不准跨越红线 手勿伸出窗外,No Parking,Keep clear of door,Stand behind the red line,Keep arm in,Feedback from Students,这一章宜让学生多进行练习。,
