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1、Lesson TwoFour Choices for Young People,Words and expressions,affluent adj.eg.He was born in an affluent family.affluence n.富裕antecedent n.先行词，祖先，前情 eg.This is an antecedent of the war.这是战争的前因。batten on eg.The rich batten on the poor.富人靠剥削穷人发财。bucolic adj.eg.It is a bucolic refuge in the midst of a
2、great bustling city.它是处在繁华的大城市之中的世外桃源。Charismatic adj.有领导魅力的Eg.Charismatic leaders 有魅力的领导,cleanse vt.eg.May God cleanse my wickedness.愿上帝洗净我的邪恶。The nurse cleansed the wound before stitching it.护士在缝合伤口前先清洁一下伤口。clean VS cleanseclean:意思是“使洁净”、“把.去垢”cleanse:意思是“清洗干净”，“使.纯洁”;正式的（formal）或古旧的用语，有时它还能用于比喻意义
3、，例如to cleanse ones soul洗涤心灵；to cleanse the heart of sin 洗心革面；ethnic cleansing 种族清洗/灭绝。,clod n.a clod of soil/earthclutter vt.eg.Dont clutter up my desk.Ive just tidied it.不要在我的书桌上乱放东西,我刚收拾好。Dont clutter the page with too many diagrams.别用太多的图表来堆砌版面。disillusionment n.eg.Now she is in a state of comple
4、te disillusionment.现在她彻底醒悟了。You must be prepared for disillusionment.你一定要做好失望的准备。disillusion v.给泼冷水；使幻想破灭distasteful adj.Eg.Shot me a distasteful glance.厌恶地瞪了我一眼 be distasteful to sth./sb.对反感，厌恶Dwindling adj.减少的Dwindle vi.减少,exasperating adj.eg.Hes probably the most exasperating man Ive ever met.他大概
5、是我见过的最让人恼火的人。exasperate vt.使.恼怒,激怒,使恶化 formidable adj.强大的，可怕的，难对付的 eg.They climbed up the last part of the mountain in formidable weather conditions.他们在恶劣的天气条件下登上了山的顶峰。Sb.is formidable 某人很难对付Guise n.under the guise of/in the guise of,idealistic realistic 现实主义的insoluble adj.Eg.Its an insoluble myster
6、y.那是无法解释的奥秘。insoluble problemInsuperable adj.insuperable barricadeIrrationality n.不理性，不理智Irrational adj.不理智的Rational adj.理智的，理性的Migration n.Migrate v.toMigrant n.移居者，候鸟 adj.移居的Emigrant(从国内移居国外的)移民者Immigrant(从国外到国内居住的)移民者Misgiving n.have much/no misgiving about sth./in doing sth.,pastoral adj.（同义）buc
7、oliceg.Pastoral poem 田园诗polar adj.Pole n.极pragmatically adv.Pragmatic adj.presumably adv.eg.The report is presumably correct.该项报导可能是正确的。Presumably the bad weather has delayed the flight.大概恶劣的天气使飞机误点了。Presumable adj.可能的，可推测的Presume v.假定，推断,skepticism n.skeptic n.怀疑论者symbolize vt.象征，代表 eg.Easter eggs
8、symbolize the renewal of life.复活蛋象征新生。symbol n.symbolic adj.象征性的，象征意义的undignified adj.dignified adj.有尊严的，高贵的，气派的dignify v.使高贵,使增辉dignity n.尊严，高贵，端庄,Uninhabitable adj.Inhabit v.居住于，栖息Inhabited adj.有人居住的Habitable adj.适合居住的，可以居住的Unsullied adj.Sully v.玷污，弄脏Vehemently adv.激烈地，热烈地Vehement adj.感情强烈的，猛烈的,La
9、nguage and grammar points,Jim Binns,president of the senior class at Stanford University,这里“president of the senior class”作Jim Binns的同位语，president前可以做表语时不用定冠词view v.把视为tendency n.趋向，趋势（指固有或习得的倾向性，强调没有外来的影响或干扰）apparently adv.显而易见地，表面上speak for 为辩护，支持，替说话contemporary n.同龄人I have listened to scores of
10、young people,who were just as world.“who were just as world”是people为先行词由who引导的定语从句just as 同样地be nervous about 对紧张不安grown-up adj.成人的 n.成年人,roughly adv.粗略地，粗鲁地sum up 总结，概括in a mess 一团糟much of+n 大量的pretty adv.修饰much of，表程度responsible adj.可靠的，负责任的have got to=have to teach sb.Sth.教授某人某事do without 没有也行，无需
11、strike sb.as+adj.使某人感到from ones point of view 从某人的观点来看relevant adj.相关的，切题的，中肯的（主题上相关）relative adj.相对的，比较的，相关的（性质上相关）,take sth.For granted 想当然，认为理应如此have got=have(美式口语经常用到)Choosing a strategy to cope with it,then,is the first decision young adults have to make,choosing a strategy 动名词作主语young adults h
12、ave to make 省略（that/which）做引导词的定语从句，先行词decision在定从中作宾语make decisions 做决定of ones lifetime 的一生so far as 就而言alternative n.选择，替换物，取舍,drop out 退学，中途辍学dropout n.退学者，辍学者It always has been the strategy of choice for people who find the world too brutal or too complex to be endured.“who find the world be end
13、ured”由people 做先行词，who 引导的定从find sb./sth.+adj.感觉某人、某事endure vt.容忍，忍受 vi.忍耐，持久，持续iIn one way or another 用这样或那样的方式,The society which they scorn and in which they refuse to take any responsibility两个定语从句：1.由which引导，society在定从中作宾语；2.由in which=where 引导，在定从中作地点状语scorn vt.轻蔑，奚落take responsibility for sth.对负有
14、责任，负起对的责任in spirit 在精神上poor in spirit 精神上的弱势，懦弱available adj.可得到的，有效的可用于所修饰的词的后面，作后置定语Is this desk available?这张桌子有人占了吗？,flee vi.逃避，逃走 eg.He fled from the police.vt.逃离 eg.Because of the war,they are forced to flee their homeland.run away from 从逃出，回避in hopes of 怀着的希望be willing to do sth.愿意做某事，很想做某事sup
15、port oneself 自谋生计support oneself by 靠维持生活,contribute to 为做贡献The trouble with this solution is that it no longer is practical on large scale.that 引导的表语从句，在BE动词后的由that或wh-疑问词引导的都是表语从句。no longer 不再on large scale 大规模地run out of 用完，耗尽noble 尊贵的，高贵的，贵族的savage n.野蛮人landscape n.风景，景观except for+n.多用于在说明基本情况或对
16、主要部分加以肯定，还引出相反的原因或细节，从而部分地修正前面的主要意思，含惋惜意味。,escape to 逃往in general 总的来说the other way 另一边，相反方向plot vt.密谋，计划 n.阴谋，情节This strategy is always be changed by force.这句话包含了两个由who引导的定语从句，都是用来修饰those.have no patience with 不能容忍the workings of sth.的运行方式democratic process 民主决策进程institution n.制度yy force 用武力appeal
17、n.恳求；呼吁,上诉,吸引力 some 某个dashing adj.有冲劲儿的figure n.人物,Smash vt.粉碎，猛撞（指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。）Ruins n.遗址，遗迹Lead a life 过着的生活Reasonably adv.相当地，适度地These are the ones whose revolutions did not come off.由whose引导的定语从句。Come off 发生Keep on doing sth.继续做某事Holocaust 这里是作者对revolution的偏见态度To see 表示结果的不定式，发现 Overthr
18、ow v.推翻，颠覆,suggest that+(should)虚拟语气suggest doing sth.accomplish vt.完成，实现Some do change things for the better.do 的强调句，强调动词。按照时态语人称不同可用does/didI did finish my homework last night.He does get up at 7:30 every day.merely adv.仅仅，只不过be bound to 一定会，必定会in either case 两种状况都(不论发生那种状况)at best 充其量,至多 dawn vi.
19、开始出现，拂晓,in need of 需要groceries and sewage disposal 这里指代人们生活所需要的基本生活品bureaucracy bjurkrsi n.官僚主义，官僚be determined to do sth.下定决心做某事at first glance 乍一看far from 一点儿也不inviting adj.吸引人的，诱人的glamour n.魅力，吸引力promise vt.有希望in short supply 短缺，缺乏,say for sth.为辩解remedy vt.治疗，补救outrage n.愤怒，暴行So at least the hist
20、orical evidence seems to suggest.So 是suggest 的宾语，指上一句讲到的情况，起承上启下的过渡作用。break down vi.彻底失败,崩溃,停止运转,坍塌 My generation was discovering that reforming the world is a little like 宾语从句，动名词作主语military campaign 战役as soon as 一就capture vt.占领mountain range 山脉loom ahead朦胧地出现在前面take ones place 取代某人，代替,unprecedente
21、d adj.空前的,前所未有的 keep sth.from doing 阻止某事发生explosion n.爆炸，激增explode v.爆炸，激增explosive adj.爆炸性的，引发争议的 n.炸药so long as 只要at the rate of 以的速度virtually adv.实际上，几乎be likely to do sth.很有可能做某事warfare n.战争，冲突inevitable adj.不可避免的，必然的struggle for 为努力,on ones hands 需要负责 on the evidence of 用.作为证据;根据It can be handled in the same way that:it 为形式主语，that hard problems have been coped with before为真正主语piecemeal adj.零碎的，逐渐的dogged dgid adj.顽强的，顽固的,
