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1、Forgivingness and subjective well-being in adulthood:The moderating role of future time perspective Journal of Research in Personality(2012),Presenter:Pan Xue November 22,2012,Journal of Research in Personalityemphasizing experimental and descriptive researchpresent articles that examine important i
2、ssues in the field of personality and in related fields basic to the understanding of personality.The subject matter-treatments of genetic,physiological,motivational,learning,perceptual,cognitive,and social processes of both normal and abnormal kinds in human and animal subjects.,-来自journal homepage
3、:,来自web of knowledge,注：Q1(前-25%)、Q2(25%-50%)、Q3(50%-75%)、Q4(75%-100%)来自web of knowledge,苏黎世大学（University of Zurich)成立于1833年，瑞士最大的综合大学。在分子生物学、神经科学、人类学等域享有世界声誉，产生了爱因斯坦等12位诺贝尔奖得主。,Mathias Allemand Department of Psychology,University of Zurich,Switzerland Research Interest:-Personality development and a
4、ssessment across the lifespan-Forgiveness and forgivingness-Gratitude,Patrick L.Hill Department of Psychology,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,Specializations Affiliated with the Social-Personality Division Education Ph.D.,University of Notre Dame,Pearl GhaemmaghamiResearch Interests-curre
5、nt research interests include the psychobiological aspects of stress during pregnancy and related protective mechanisms.-further interest is the topic of forgiveness and its link with physical and mental health.Professor Mike MartinResearch areas:-cognitive aging-social development in old age-resour
6、ces and skills in everyday life-middle adulthood-lifespan development,1.Introduction,Theoretical and empirical work suggests that forgiveness is associated with subjective well-being(McCullough,2000;Toussaint Orth,Berking,Walker,Meier,&Znoj,2008).,1.Introduction,subjectivewell-being,forgiveness,forg
7、iveness,subjective well-being.,future time perspective,+,1.1.Forgivingness,Forgiveness can either be considered as a contextualized psychological process of change with respect to a given transgressor and a given transgression or as a disposition(McCullough,Fincham,Brown,2003)Moreover,forgiving indi
8、viduals tend to score lower on neuroticism but higher on agreeableness(Steiner,Allemand,&McCullough,in press),1.1.Forgivingness,The primary function of forgivingness thus appears to be down-regulating and reducing these negative affective states and stressful reactions(Brown,2003;Worthington&Scherer
9、,2004)Indeed,research has shown that forgiving individuals tend to show high levels of dispositional abilities to down-regulate negative affective states and to disengage from ruminative thoughts as compared to less forgiving individuals(Allemand,Job,Christen,&Keller,2008).,1.2.The influence of futu
10、re time perspective,how much time they believe have leftopen-ended or limited in duration,future time perspective,socioemotional selectivity theory(SST理论）suggests that the subjective perception of time remaining in life has important implications for the selection of goals,activities,and preferences
11、(Carstensen,Isaacowitz,&Charles,1999),1.2.The influence of future time perspective,limited,open-ended,pursuing information and knowledge-related social goalsexpand their horizonsgain knowledgeinterested in seeking new social relationships,pursue emotion-focused goals.Maximization of meaningful activ
12、ities in the presentmaintain emotional and social well-beingkeep close relationships while distancing fromperipheral social partners,future time perspective,young,old,SST理论 priorities change,1.2.The influence of future time perspective,age is not the only factor that is related to future time perspe
13、ctivesuch as serious illnesses,natural disasters,terrorist attacks,wars,geographic relocations,or temporary time constraints such as college graduation and retirement can also influence the perception of time horizons.when younger individuals imagine conditions in which time is limited or they exper
14、ience real-life time constraints they tend to optimize emotional outcomes and to pursue emotional satisfaction similar to older individuals who perceive their time horizon as shrinking(e.g.,Carstensen Fung,Carstensen,&Lutz,1999).,1.2.The influence of future time perspective,Numerous studies have pro
15、vided empirical evidence for the notion that the perception of future time has important implications for emotion,cognition,motivation,and social relationships(for reviews,see Carstensen,Fung,Scheibe&Carstensen,2010).-e.g.,recent findings suggest that individuals who perceive their future time as op
16、en-ended tend to score higher on positive affect and meaning in life but lower on negative affect(Hicks,Trent,Davis,&King,in press),future time perspective,positive affect negative affect,1.2.The influence of future time perspective,More important,studies have consistently demonstrated the moderatin
17、g role of future time perspective(Carstensen et al.,1999;Charles&Carstensen,2010).-e.g.Hicks et al.(in press)found that positive affect becomes increasingly associated with meaning in life as the perception of future time becomes limited-e.g.prioritizing emotionally meaningful goals is associated wi
18、th greater social well-being and less social strain when future time is perceived as limited,whereas no such association seems to be present when individuals perceive their future time as open-ended(Lang&Carstensen,2002),future time perspective对well-being的调节作用,1.2.The influence of future time perspe
19、ctive,future time perspective forgiveness.-e.g.,Allemand(2008)found that individuals are more willing to forgive violations of social expectations when they perceive their own remaining time or the remaining time with their social partner as limited.-e.g.Cheng and Yim(2008)demonstrated that individu
20、als are more forgiving under a limited time condition as compared to a time-expanded or neutral condition.Forgiveness may play an important role for individuals wellbeing,in particular when they view their time horizon as limited.-e.g.By forgiving,individuals may regulate their negative feelings and
21、 thoughts and let go the conflict,sustaining favorable relationships without getting resentful(cf.Fingerman&Charles,2010).,1.3.The present study,First,we expected positive associations between perceived open-ended future time and indicators of positive subjective well-being and negative associations
22、 with indicators of negative well-being(Hicks et al.,in press)Second,we tested the moderation hypothesis.we predicted that forgivingness and positive affect,life satisfaction,and optimism would be more strongly related when time is perceived as limited as compared to perceived open-ended future time
23、.,2.1.Participants,2.1.Participants and procedure,Due to protection of privacy the procedure the deletion of all postal addresses after sending the package to prospective participants.Consequently,we were not able to remind participants to fill out the questionnaire.In light of this fact the respons
24、e rate of 24%is notable.All participants were unpaid volunteers.,Why response rate is 24%?,2.1.Participants and procedure,N=4026mean age-M=50.0,SD=17.6 women-51.3%,N=962mean age-M=52.4,SD=17.7 women-56.9%,degree of sample selectivity,initial sample,final sample,2.2.Measures,2.2.1.Forgivingness2.2.2.
25、Subjective well-being positive well-being negative well-being2.2.3.Future time perspective,positive affectlife satisfaction optimism,negative affectpessimism,生活取向量表,形容词法,2.2.1.Forgivingness,-来自Ryan P.Brown 2003年Measuring Individual Differences in the Tendency to Forgive:Construct Validity and Links
26、With Depression,2.2.2.Subjective well-being,rate how strongly they felt each affect on average.Participants rated each adjective on a 6-point Likert-type scale from 1(not at all)to 5(extremely).positive affect satisfied,happy,confident,hopeful,active,and energetic.negative affect disappointed,sad,an
27、xious,worried,sluggish,and exhausted(Brunstein,1999）,2.2.2.Subjective well-being,-来自Michael F.Scheier等1994年Distinguishing Optimism From Neuroticism(and Trait Anxiety,Self-Mastery,and Self-Esteem):A Reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test,2.2.2.Subjective well-being-life satisfaction,-来自Diener,E198
28、5年 The Satisfaction With Life Scale,2.2.3.Future time perspective,Carstensen,L.L.,&Lang,F.R.(1996).Future Time Perspective Scale.Unpublished manuscript.“Many opportunities await me in the future,”“Most of my life(still)lies ahead of me,”“I have the sense that time is running out,”“As I get older,I b
29、egin to experience that time is limited,”“My future seems infinite to me.”Frieder R.Lang Laura L.Carstensen 2002 Psychology and Aging Time Counts:Future Time Perspective,Goals,and Social Relationships,3.Results,3.Results,limited time perspective(B=0.14,SE=0.02,t(933)=6.69,p 0.001,95%CI=0.10;0.18)ind
30、efinite time perspective(B=0.10,SE=0.02,t(933)=6.76,p 0.001,95%CI=0.07;0.13)open-endedtime perspective,(B=0.07,SE=0.02,t(933)=3.33 p 0.001,95%CI=0.03;0.11),limited time perspective(B=0.21,SE=0.03,t(933)=6.12,p 0.001,95%CI=0.14;0.28)Indefinite time perspective(B=0.15,SE=0.03,t(933)=5.69,p 0.001,95%CI
31、=0.10;0.20)open-ended time perspective(B=0.08,SE=0.04,t(933)=2.32,p 0.05,95%CI=0.01;0.15).,limited time perspective(B=0.17,SE=0.02,t(935)=7.16,p 0.001,95%CI=0.13;0.22)Indefinite time perspective(B=0.13,SE=0.02,t(935)=7.01,p 0.001,95%CI=0.09;0.16)open-ended time perspective(B=0.08,SE=0.02,t(935)=3.21
32、,p 0.01,95%CI=0.03;0.13),3.Results,4.Discussion,4.1.The moderating role of future time perspectiveThe time perception moderated the association between forgivingness and indicators of positive well-being.Future time perspective did not moderate the associations between forgivingness and negative aff
33、ect and pessimism,We evidenced that forgivingness was more strongly related to indicators of positive subjective well-being for individuals who perceive their time horizons as limited.The results thus suggest that the level of forgivingness is particularly important for positive subjective well-bein
34、g when future time is perceived as limited,4.2.Limitations and outlook-limitation:,First,a causal influence of forgivingness on subjective well-being-forgivingness buffers the negative effects of perceived limited time on positive well-being.(longitudinal designs to replicate the present findings)Se
35、cond,findings were based on self-reports-socially desirable-FTP is subjective phenomenon,the self-report seems to be an adequate way to measure how individuals view their future the order,possible primingFinally,the sizes of interactions between forgivingness and future time perspective were small.,
36、4.2.Limitations and outlook-outlook:,test the moderation hypothesis of future time perspective with respect to other conceptualizations of subjective well-being-e.g.psychological well-beingtest the moderating hypothesis with respect to classical transgression-level conceptions of forgivenessFinally,future studies may test the moderating role of future time perspective with respect to other socioemotional traits and variables.-e.g.social support,Thank you!,
