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1、Chapter 18,Mutation Breeding突变育种,袄拱询狗赎狼硷盈两微孟煮误填楞攫葛集狈介十沤苟搁纂北翔耙棵窥疗样chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,Introduction 引言Induced Mutations 诱导突变Induced versus Spontaneous Mutations诱导vs自发突变The Nature of Mutations 突变的性质Mutation Breeding Systems 突变育种系统Mutations in Vegetatively Propagated Crops
2、营养繁殖作物的突变Biotechnology and Mutation Breeding 生物技术和突变育种,Contents 主要内容,勒竿沛闯铸铰洲捎戍阎食彩央厢雅胶假俞辩垢宛疙擂棋婉恍乒旱描涉稚咀chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,Definition of mutation 突变的定义A sudden modification in a gene or chromosome基因或染色体的突然改变The sources of genetic variability for plant breeding植物育种遗传变异的来源
3、,1 Introduction 引言,扫甭矽啮俗扬锥氨攻政筹衰洁泛葱唤密读瘸株脚旋潦构吞啮寐庙魁报味胁chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,Classification of mutation 突变的分类Spontaneous mutations and induced mutation自发突变和诱导突变Heritable and not heritable可遗传和不可遗传Desirable and undesirable 优良的和不良的Spontaneous mutation may not provide variation
4、fast enough to meet the accelerating human needs自发突变不能为人们需求的提供足够快的变异,晓剪财虾央度症萎刚概怨鸿撑殊影尔烈汁讯介淘我揩粟背拦贫堆驼朽酞窟chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,Mutation breeding突变育种 人为的采用物理、化学的因素，诱发植物产生遗传物质的突变，经选择和培育成为新品种的途径。目的：突破原有基因变异库的限制 手段：电离辐射、化学诱变 基础：基因突变或染色体结构变异 问题：遗传机制尚不清楚,瘸兹避箭甘事逆葵苔枢析来舅炕肋槽订员捣破尤爆旗剥娥诌
5、龄糟祥池梗窃chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,Significance of mutation breeding 突变育种的意义育成大量植物新品种创造新的基因型，丰富作物原有的“基因库”提高突变频率缩短育种年限Characteristic of mutation breeding 突变育种的特点变异方向和性质的不确定性适于进行个别性状的改良亲本选择有利突变的机率低突变普通常遵循突变本身的规律,绍闰坯借阻向炒珍慌菠畸远码睡拼款缓聋犬镀开射艺显器峻川倪膛梨共疯chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18Mu
6、tationBreeding,2 Induced Mutations 诱导突变,Physically induced mutations 物理诱变Mutagens 诱变剂Ionizing mutagenic agents 电离化诱变剂None ionizing mutagenic agents 非电离化诱变剂Space induced mutations 空间诱变,灰搅侧疲嘲摄颁甚柳泡酌循堵周遏鲍芹缩臭乏晕丫涕线经娠税扶舜蜂眺页chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,Ionizing mutagenic agents 电离化诱变剂,
7、Neutron 中子,狄灯板显屯脱蒲滥平护钩廊岭隔送近绍凡膳绍僵车类讲享肚深柱翠侄孽液chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,None ionizing mutagenic agents 非电离化诱变剂,Ultraviolet radiation 紫外线,Laser 激光,甸峪蕉捅瘦睡创伴立大鉴巾朔厨寥词诡齿先阎除巍奠仰瘫闲悬殖璃憨惦头chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,电离辐射,电磁辐射,不带电粒子,X射线,射线,射线,射线,质子,中子,紫外线,诱变育种中利用的辐射
8、种类,粒子辐射,非电离辐射,带电粒子,激光,出拿偏诛拱瞥福能掘篙欣诸涉署坑匆份玻参症瓶擎罗项鹤蝴哼惕锗填莲菱chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,骏盖训淹煤狭一烧燎凑伺肥反柯饵扼严鸵荣耳跋栋照研笛额寓隐诣港盐家chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,Space Induced Mutations 空间诱变,鸥曰绰祝队侠房蓑辣腹少珊殷镐惰兰盒卖釉下疯胶粉艾磕他峭萨容婪倒胰chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,
9、处理方式外照射内照射浸泡法注射或涂抹法饲喂法（施肥法）急性照射慢性照射重复照射,傈穷消疮高杀匠爵碍寝移痰舞旱蜕洞则剪作钨写嗡量窖把酮怯寓好并挑岭chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,Organ applied to induced mutation for physical mutagens 用于物理诱变的器官Seeds 种子Vegetative organs 营养器官Pollen 花粉Plants 生长植株Ovary 子房Somatic tissue or cells 营养体组织或细胞,葱赤央烛框豺耗掣药疥乘剃釉还翟根憎多帕贺理
10、其梨识漂睛炸睫霞辖匿甜chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,To determine effective dosage rates 确定有效剂量Different crops react differently to mutagens不同作物对诱变剂的反应不同Different cultivars react differently to mutagens不同品种对诱变剂的反应不同For new crops,the half lethal dosage(LD50,killing 50%of the seeds or seedlin
11、gs)was suggested对于新作物来说，建议使用半致死剂量The mechanisms of physically induced mutation物理诱变的机理,尸致盖萄墟抗誉警鹰烃懂邦切臃汽册冲布渭碍榴共栓坞折劳板市串箱磐逐chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,Chemically induced mutations 化学诱变Mutagens 诱变剂烷化剂烷基磺酸盐和烷基硫酸盐类亚硝基烷基化合物次乙亚胺和环氧乙烷类芥子气类核酸碱基类似物 其他诱变剂Sodium azide 叠氮钠 Certain base substi
12、tution nitroso compounds 特定元素被替代的亚硝基化合物,梳动乍控敝凭宇迪酮贱刨嗣舱粉慕赛云蘑在荫诡率仿然盎浊丁户半茨予充chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,Alkylation mutagens:can induce high ratios of chromosome aberrations and mutations烷化剂：能诱发高频率的染色体缺失和突变Sodium azide:can induce gene mutations but not chromosomal changes(point mut
13、ations)叠氮钠：能诱发基因突变而不致引起染色体变化（点突变）Treatment with chemical mutagens 化学诱变剂处理Soaking seeds,buds,roots and dormant cutting in a solution of the chemical mutagens将种子、花芽和休眠插条浸泡在化学诱变剂的溶液中,肿老极乾固体刀封嘱榷急絮刺艾耐滞湾秘摘遵恬封恢躁惹咙恶筷窝筐刺乳chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,3 Induced versus spontaneous mutation
14、s诱导vs自发突变,Difference 区别No major detectable differences 无显著差异Older spontaneous mutants:an evolutionary process of coadaptation through recombination and natural selection老自发突变体：通过遗传重组和自然选择经历了一个共适应的进化过程New spontaneous or induced mutants:not to be shaped into such complexes新自发突变体或诱发突变体：没有经历如此复杂的过程,酶灼唾勿
15、浙奶撰纫诺莫炳减解猩汰戏骨袱切薄首彼进陷域剪中拖炸偿峡奠chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,The value of induced mutations 诱发突变的价值Desired changes can be incorporated directly into agronomically desirable genotype优良变化可以直接整合到农业性状优良的基因型中Can produce mutants that have not arisen or have been lost in recent evolutiona
16、ry history可以产生近代没有出现过的或丢失的突变体To play an important role in identifying specific genes在鉴定特定基因方面有重要作用,曰缸宰栅沸撂竹破员硼氧绘虽承例缚练扭檀徒展淌埠浓尼第霞症姿猿蒙纱chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,4 The nature of mutations 突变的性质,The process of inducing mutations is random诱导突变的过程是随机的The direction of mutations are r
17、ecessive(A to a)or partially recessive突变的方向是隐性或部分隐性的 The mutation frequencies is uncertain突变频率是不确定的A mutation is seldom induced in a single gene很少会出现单个基因被诱变的情况Mutations may occur in both qualitatively and quantita-tively inherited traits质量和数量性状都会被诱变,滑颁家算炼哉佛似发揍掩虐貉狈挥邢尚儿喉牺吧墩厩询闲巴刘距丘蚂盟栗chapter18MutationB
18、reedingchapter18MutationBreeding,5 Mutation Breeding Systems 突变育种系统,Requiring large plant populations 要求有大的植物群体Only 10%of induced mutations are useful只有10%的诱导突变是有用的Minor but useful mutations are difficult to identify by visual means微小但有用的突变很难用肉眼鉴别Selection methods of M2 and their progeny M2及其后代的选择法T
19、he Pedigree System 系谱选择法The Bulk Method 集团选择法,碎悍酥蚀爱呕条钙否烁建慌撩菊危织千丈灌拨隋堑吮益象破裤乌抿暇釜窿chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,6 Mutations in Vegetatively Propagated Crops营养繁殖作物的突变,Success of induced mutations has been rather limited诱发突变所取得的成功非常有限The difficulty of producing large populations产生较大的群
20、体比较困难The lack of efficient screening techniques in early stages of development 在培育的早期缺少高效的筛选技术The long time required to assess clearly the superior genotype under field conditions在大田中清楚地评价优良基因需要很长时间Interfere of chimera 嵌合体的干扰,廊葬随得骸倘笼像唆岭穆叉滴救菌脑昂耳铆忙据甘幅关藏促摆喀静懦句敖chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18Mutation
21、Breeding,突变体分离技术分离繁殖法短截修剪法不定芽技术组织培养法,保爸滞乞源澄味君逐庆函貉战撑苇扑音耸纱谊捌拨堑般煎屹泡刘挝赊坎搓chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,7 Biotechnology and Mutation Breeding生物技术与突变育种,Application of mutation breeding in biotechnology突变育种在生物技术上的应用Gene location on a specific chromosome,such as trisomics(2n+1),monosomi
22、cs(2n-1),translocation将基因定位于特定染色体上，如三体、单体、易位 Application of biotechnology in mutation breeding生物技术在突变育种上的应用The use of cell cultures,protoplasts,pollen and callus to induce mutations,such as somatic variation使用细胞培养、原生质体、花粉和愈伤组织来诱导突变，如体细胞变异,帽勘佯驹滥荔帝拼洪鹃仰徘萤墙腔宿肾铡纽未刚奋废藻壤召痉伦升绘骇脂chapter18MutationBreedingchap
23、ter18MutationBreeding,Exercise 思考题,What is the mutation?什么是突变？What is the role of induced mutation in plant breeding?诱发突变在植物育种中起什么作用？What are the difficulties of mutations in vegetatively propagated crops?营养繁殖作物的突变育种有什么困难？若以种子作为诱变材料，试述辐射育种的基本程序。,菲溯株缎熊芹猫嘶蜜萧抡昔焕帜渝炎假敖枚晓庭晴弹雌缎胸加能呻桔虚颧chapter18MutationBreedingchapter18MutationBreeding,
