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1、1,第四章 被动语态的译法,七、被动语态的译法法,2,科技英语：被动语态-占13-学术性科技论文写作的最大特点！,3,科技论文关心：行为、活动、作用、事实被动句正是将“行为、活动、作用、事实”等作为主语（主语一般位于句首），从而能立引起读者对所陈述的事实的注意-显示出作者客观性、真实性,4,汉语中的被动处理：,通过“把”或“被”等词体现使用范围远远不及英语-很多情况下汉语都翻译成主动,七、被动语态的译法法,5,被动语态主要有两种译法：,仍译成被动句译为主动句符合汉语习惯,占多数,七、被动语态的译法法,6,1、仍译成被动句,可加译 被、供、由、让、给、受、受到、遭、得到、为所、加以、予以等助词，
2、再译谓语（偶尔也可不加任何词而直接译出）,七、被动语态的译法法,7,The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century.原子学说直到上个世纪才为/被人们所接受。,七、被动语态的译法法,8,Naturallightor“white”lightisactuallymadeupofmanycolors.自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。,七、被动语态的译法法,9,Other evaporation processes will be discussed briefly 其它一些蒸发过程将简单地加以讨论。,七、被动语态的译法法
3、,10,The laws of thermodynamics will be discussed in the next articles热力学定律将在下文予以讨论。,七、被动语态的译法法,11,Purified hydrogen is passed over a liquid metal halide halide：卤化物纯化氢气被通过液态金属卤化物。让/纯化氢气通过液态金属卤化物。,七、被动语态的译法法,12,Earlyfiresontheearthwerecertainlycausedbynature,notbyMan.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。,七、被动语态的译法法
4、,13,Since methane is its first member，it is also known as the methane series因为甲烷是该系列的第一个成员，因此该系列也被称为甲烷系。,七、被动语态的译法法,14,Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.（考研）,15,长句翻译4个步骤,1、结构分析：复合句，定、状、同、插、平行.2、句子拆分：拆为若
5、干部分，逐个理解3、词义推敲：上下文推敲4、检查核对：合并语义，准确、流畅,七、被动语态的译法法,16,Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.（考研）,七、被动语态的译法法,17,Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredby
6、historiansandphilosophersof science.句子：一拆为三主干（黄色）：简单被动as a source of fundamental innovation根本性创新的源泉词：largely 很大程度-%Over the years 多年来philosophers of science 科学哲学家/思想家们,七、被动语态的译法法,18,理科：science文科：arts/liberal art博士：Philosophy Doctor/Ph.D.哲学博士硕士：master degree/M.D.学士：bachelor degree/B.D.,七、被动语态的译法法,19,
7、Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.(95考研)工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学哲学家们忽视了。,20,七、被动语态的译法法,21,2、译成汉语主动句,主要的方法！,七、被动语态的译法法,22,译成汉语的无主语句,将英语句中的主语译成汉语中的宾语即先译谓语，后译主语(主谓变序)特点：不需要指出动作的发出者是谁,七、被动语态的译法法,
8、23,Measures have been taken to diminish air pollution.一些措施已经被采取了来减小空气污染已经采取了一些措施来减小空气污染。先译谓语，后译主语，主语译成汉语中的宾语,七、被动语态的译法法,24,Much greater magnification can be obtained with the electron microscope.大得多的放大倍数能够通过电子显微镜被获得。使用电子显微镜，能获得大得多的放大倍数。,七、被动语态的译法法,25,If the product is a new compound，the structure mu
9、st be proved independently如果产物是一个新的化合物，则其结构必须被单独证明。如果产物是一个新的化合物，则必须单独证明其结构。,七、被动语态的译法法,26,译成汉语的有主语句无须加任何词直接译成主动句,当英语被动句中主语为无生命的名词，而且没有by引导，无须加任何词直接译成主动句The speed of molecules is increased when they are heated.当分子受热时，其速度就加快。,七、被动语态的译法法,27,Energy is being transformed from one form into another every m
10、oment.每时每刻都有能量在由一种形式变为另一种形式。,七、被动语态的译法法,28,可加译“人们、我们、大家、有人”等主语,动词带宾语或宾语补足语的被动时，原句主语变为宾语。The workers were seen repairing the machine有人看见过这些工人在修理机器。,七、被动语态的译法法,29,Potassium and sodium are seldom met in their natural state.(我们)很少见到/遇到自然状态的钾和钠。,七、被动语态的译法法,30,If one or more electrons are removed，the atom
11、 is said to be positively charged如果原子的一个或多个电子被除去，那么该原子就被说成是带正电荷。如果原子失去了一个或多个电子，我们就说这个原子带正电荷。,七、被动语态的译法法,31,The metal，iron in particular，is known to be an important material in engineering金属，特别是铁，被了解到是工程方面的重要材料。大家知道，金属，特别是铁，是工程方面的重要材料。,七、被动语态的译法法,32,用英语句中的动作者作汉语中的主语,The complicated problem will be so
12、lved by them这个复杂的问题会被他们解决。他们将会/会解决这个复杂的问题。,七、被动语态的译法法,33,The planets are held together by attractive forces.行星被引力聚在一起。引力把行星聚积在一起。,七、被动语态的译法法,34,将一个适当成分译作汉语句中的主语,The students have been answered all the questions.学生们已被回答了全部的问题。学生们的问题已全部得到回答。,七、被动语态的译法法,35,The oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water t
13、o give nitric acid.氮氧化物被吸收在水中形成硝酸水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸。,七、被动语态的译法法,36,在原主语前加“把、将、使、给等词,Absorption process is therefore conveniently divided into two groups：physical process and chemical process吸收过程因此被简单地分为两类：物理过程和化学过程。因此，可以将吸收过程简单地分为两类：物理过程和化学过程。,七、被动语态的译法法,37,Hydrochloric acid(HCl)was added to the solution t
14、o enhance acidity将盐酸加到溶液中以增强酸性。,七、被动语态的译法法,38,将被动语态译成“是的、对进行”,The solution is filtered to recover the precipitation.对/将溶液进行过滤可回收沉淀。,七、被动语态的译法法,39,An aldehyde is prepared from the dehydrogenation of an alcohol and hence the name aldehyde醛醛是从醇脱氢而制备的，并因此而得名。,七、被动语态的译法法,40,被动意义译成主动意思,In the reaction bot
15、h the acid and the base are neutralized forming water and salt反应中，酸与碱被中和而形成水和盐。反应中，酸与碱中和而形成水和盐。,七、被动语态的译法法,41,The kinds of activities which the organic chemist engage may be grouped in the following way有机化学工作者所从事的活动可以按照下列方法归类。,42,练习例,I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribu
16、te to the solution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.,43,I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any
17、but the factual aspects of those problems主干：一分为3，原因，让步 Exclude：与include相反 Accomplish：完成contribute to：捐献-有助于、有利于 Solution:解决办法；溶液charged with：控告 有关 承担 最难点！Approaching：接近,逼近 触及Factual：事实的 factnotany but：only-仅仅,44,I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of
18、moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务。改进：我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。（但他还没承担起研究道德问题事实方面以外的任何责任）,45,练习 例,Television is one of the means by which t
19、hese feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.05年,46,Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to co
20、nnect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.复杂句：定从，被动，倒装Means：by meansperhaps never before has it served so much：词性、语序的转换从来也没有起过如此大的作用从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用,47,Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it
21、served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.电视是制造和传播这种情绪的媒介之一，在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用,48,练习 例,During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of e
22、vidence in the historical study.99年,49,During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.拆分为三Augment：增加,增大-充实Methodology：方法学，additional methodologies：新方法designed to：用来the new forms of
23、 evidence：新的证据形式,50,During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法,51,七、被动语态的译法法,52,3、常见的it被动句型的翻译模式,常见的句型是 It is done that其中It作形式主语，that引导
24、出主语从句另一种常见的句型是.be done as.该种被动结构引出主语补语。-已有习惯的译法,53,It is done that格式翻译成汉语的主动句,It is asserted that 有人主张/声称/断言 It is believed that 有人认为It is generally considered that 大家(一般人)认为,54,It is well known that 大家知道(众所周知)It will be said 有人会说It was told that 有人曾经说,七、被动语态的译法法,55,It is considered that 人们认为It is s
25、tressed that 有人强调说It is understood that人们/大家都明白；不用说；当然,56,It is noticed that 人们注意到It has been objected that.有人反驳It is suggested that 有人建议,57,翻译成汉语的无主句,It is hoped that 希望 It is reported that 据报道It is said that 据说 It is supposed that 据推测,58,It must be admitted that 必须承认It must be pointed out that 必须指
26、出It will be seen from this that 由此可见It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说,59,It has been found that 已经发现；实践证明 It is supposed that 据推测：假定It must be realized that必须了解(认识、明白)It must be kept in mind that.必须记住,七、被动语态的译法法,60,It is preferred that 最好It is generally recognized that 通常认为：一
27、般公认It can be foreseen that 可以预料It can not be denied that 无可否认,七、被动语态的译法法,61,.be done as.格式翻译时加上“被”等,It is known as 被称为、叫做It is spoken of as 被说成是It is considered as 被认为是；被看为-经常使用,七、被动语态的译法法,62,It is described as 被描述成It is accepted as 被承认/接受为It is thought of as 被认为：被当作It is defined as 被下定义为;定义是,63,64,
28、练习 例子,Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily，only the question of when the transplanting will take place remains to be considered.,65,Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily，only the question of when the transplanting will take place remains to be considered.Settle：安排，
29、解决参考：大部分问题已圆满解决，只剩下何时进行该移植手术问题有待讨论,66,例,It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages，but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person.,67,It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages，but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person.2005分析:but并列
30、句，主从it is known-“众所周知shrink：收缩，(使)皱缩，萎缩Age：年龄增长Mental：精神的,智力的mental ability：智力,68,It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages，but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person.2005译文:众所周知，大脑随着年龄的增长而萎缩，但是这对智力方面的影响却因人而异。,69,Owing to the remarkable development in mass-commun
31、ications,people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.,70,Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications,people everywhere are feeling new wants
32、 and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.,71,Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications,people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,
33、while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.mass-communications：大众通讯Wants：需求being exposed to：接触-感受到customs and ideas 习俗和思想are forced to：不得不Introduce：介绍-引入-推出，采取，施行innovations 革新,72,Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications,pe
34、ople everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，而各国政府也因此不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。,73,This seems mostly effectively done by suppo
35、rting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.系词+过去分词+被动宾语This：这一问题Mostly：主要地,大部分,通常Done：解决not related to：与无关Immediate：直接的-当前Consequence：推论、结果-影响,74,This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题（主动句式）,75,七、被动语态的译法法,76,翻译练习1_被动,
