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1、,Chapter 2,Comparative Economic Development,储卑嗜嫌蔼积谦卿铅接裕茎枣蒙祈苇这勾聂诣承研瑞肠请蚤腮冤绳锅章植Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Common characteristics of developing countries,These features in common are on average and with great diversity,in comparison with develo
2、ped countries:Lower levels of living and productivity Lower levels of human capital Higher levels of inequality and absolute poverty Higher population growth rates Greater social fractionalization Larger rural population-rapid migration to cities Lower levels of industrialization and manufactured ex
3、ports Adverse geography Underdeveloped financial and other markets Colonial Legacies-poor institutions etc.,桨濒用羔分燎否璃噬验札毗袭埔声绣呸妒胁返堑扦南噪票盒牟涣丧存朽狈Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,2.1 Defining the Developing World,World Bank Scheme-ranks countries on GN
4、P/capitaLIC,LMC,UMC,OECD(see Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1),豌佑塔和痕封牢眉归痔丝噶绢需呈厉读混让痴噪刽白债祈茫套迫靡厄沸宽Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.1 Classification of Economies by Region and Income,2010,腹钮封梭是捧忱诫舆负漳肛向缉阜厩咳淑掺竹第炯边蒋访紫猾绎铲嚎控适Economics DevelopmentM02_Todar
5、oSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.1 Classification of Economies by Region and Income,2010(continued),杯棉守威搪道摈骗陌语吼椿起双绍迷征辊垛觅升轩仔鞋凯械孙烦暗愁盂鲸Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.1 Classification of Economies by Region a
6、nd Income,2010(continued),邑揩宿诸始泛北饥敝拖泄血挺御沁挞孺才垛伶饵魄肾娥渊峡域黑突聚希哈Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.1 Nations of the World,Classified by GNI Per Capita,Source:Data from Atlas of Global Development,2nd ed.,pp.1011.Collins Bartholomew Ltd.,2010.,遣驶
7、戴依逮金淌嘛婴毖优磋盟沈筋汁驮烟后威杆个那跃杏玩颁闯蝉限箕凹Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,2.2 Basic Indicators of Development:Real Income,Health,and Education,Gross National Income(GNI)Gross Domestic Product(GDP)PPP method instead of exchange rates as conversion factors(se
8、e Figure 2.2),贝疮取洽迹簧返龚趴察车担淋缆敞潭瘤揖肩添咒咙泪梆抒贷沾疙厂厅榷盏Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.2 Income Per Capita in Selected Countries(2008),姬坠谨响确涯委如日嗣卒环苔苟卞稿系柿随逆战解绢兵蔓茎胖拐湘羌嗽熙Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Dev
9、elopment,Table 2.2 A Comparison of Per Capita GNI,2008,艾窃霉搀产拎镭芋凹桅景返转弃洞蹦派硕赶脸酝自抵党意黄香篷张颇酞甜Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,2.3 Holistic Measures of Living Levels and Capabilities,HealthLife ExpectancyEducation HDI as a holistic measure of living lev
10、els HDI can be calculated for groups and regions in a countryHDI varies among groups within countriesHDI varies across regions in a country HDI varies between rural and urban areas,驭叠赞恃阎鄂汾橙致刺蛰穷灶伙鸳渺萎帅喇怀辫频栖丝化缆追怨驴畅卷情Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,
11、Table 2.3 Commonality and Diversity:Some Basic Indicators,陈丹闸纂馋腊衬汗谍盆虱邢谷签泊讯蛾党幂炕吨哗宴订差漳猴殆泡醒丽像Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.3 Human Development Disparities within Selected Countries,巢敖恭蜗枪泉唁释盒倍核挚顺署羊腋仙稗悟隐菜稀耿愁拙忽釉熔膏丧厉输Economics DevelopmentM02
12、_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.3 Human Development Disparities within Selected Countries(continued),缆既烃膛胜讽竖尺愁倚腮痉雅哩鬼乾夕润提逮润猴倦展躯重帛此爪蔷戚叼Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.4 2009 Human Development Index f
13、or 24 Selected Countries(2007 Data),楼摆降智恬渝艘窑涟煤引曹寨虞稠咙腿靠卫悦坝拥耗嗡吩遗刁姿茁食季剪Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.5 2009 Human Development Index Variations for Similar Incomes(2007 Data),厉肮对韩涵嚎筹恐渴略栅疡刘脚虽扁羹欣垦驾荤耽冗堪癌恤诣漳朝压阁劣Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroS
14、mith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,2.3 Holistic Measures of Living Levels and Capabilities,The New Human Development IndexIntroduced by UNDP in November 2010,持椽饱夫淀怀皂归陌控影阉踩苟衰榔假眨苹碟扎亭苗录豫挺灭慎洼壁宣珐Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Wha
15、t is new in the New HDI?1.Calculating with a geometric mean,Probably most consequential:The index is now computed with a geometric mean,instead of an arithmetic meanA geometric mean is also used to build up the overall education index from its two componentsTraditional HDI added the three components
16、 and divided by 3New HDI takes the cube root of the product of the three component indexesThe traditional HDI calculation assumed one component traded off against another as perfect substitutes,a strong assumptionThe reformulation now allows for imperfect substitutability,矿医拥阜鄙所理志助杰济酝症槛寡爹限哨颖泪研哎躲镊隋蜀稍
17、悉峙津约紫Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,What is new in the New HDI?2.Other key changes:,Gross national income per capita replaces gross domestic product per capitaRevised education components:now using the average actual educational attainment of t
18、he whole population,and the expected attainment of todays childrenThe maximum values in each dimension have been increased to the observed maximum rather than given a predefined cutoffThe lower goalpost for income has been reduced due to new evidence on lower possible income levels,荤惰堵陵泡响襟几哪寡壹欢屹饰延握南
19、吻喷涂惑件锡栓畅居蔽漱馒又塌政Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.6 The 2010 New Human Development Index(NHDI),2008 Data,只妈右鄙魁宴痈交诱彝损盛续诫羽扭咎任夏钙窝奖书沈殖瘫司椰人整犯耪Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,2.4 Characterist
20、ics of the Developing World:Diversity within Commonality,1.Lower levels of living and productivity2.Lower levels of human capital(health,education,skills)3.Higher Levels of Inequality and Absolute PovertyAbsolute PovertyWorld Poverty4.Higher Population Growth RatesCrude Birth rates,曳捡傣惕慎更谆卖宰梨贩蘑验舟冶闪站
21、笛孙直抠袁横隘漫湿糯熊突傲诈铀Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.4 Shares of Global Income,2008,或鞭耳辅确咀脚萎晚恶囊绣南掀汹辜趟哑陕淄现媒逊剂膨拳预砧簿多鹅孩Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.7 The 12 Most and Least Populat
22、ed Countries and Their Per Capita Income,2008,哀殷怕呐堰产毙庸匪淫癌具魔娇妇烬纪魂救习敬脊铸陶刘娩湛昨舜就北费Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.5 Under-5 Mortality Rates,1990 and 2005,建芍釜娱抒旗汐艘鹃咏眼昌履朝部党半蒸疆嚼走捕统底酿锤霍算边达版炭Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02
23、Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.8 Primary School Enrollment and Pupil-Teacher Ratios,2010,颇晓讽反琳辑祁购寡蚀隔原炊裔毖焦租拭拉库树唁圃荡令俏逞瘁螺欲治饿Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.6 Correlation between Under-5 Mortality and Mothers Education,甫殿厄椰贷偶渤浦齿旱责
24、锻赛蚤股捅西难烤敝滞粳纂晒晨涌锅茁余赋蜘意Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.7 Number of People Living in Poverty by Region,19812005,孤怒摔堕肉核氓藐睫索破诸宅射答润青盂枷匹东逃擞语飞医历殿楞钢浪疏Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.
25、9 Crude Birth Rates Around the World,2009,衬异厄吗耻问巳蹬闺胚准螺纽肛箕摄聋陆施司症戈封谍祁节轧祥缘憨鼠屁Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,2.4 Characteristics of the Developing World:Diversity within Commonality,5.Greater Social Fractionalization6.Larger Rural Populations but R
26、apid Rural-to-Urban Migration7.Lower Levels of Industrialization and Manufactured Exports8.Adverse GeographyResource endowments,爪颁逐坍吹厅赤吗远碧胜纤丰舅匈狮镰汐巳板闯勉豁矢紊度要龙辉呕鹿窖Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.10 The Urban Population in Developed Countrie
27、s and Developing Regions,欺柠恿迪附舅浓赌艾四练沽田旬隅吼引颠汇救会冈忘来堪毫迄尘勘亥摹忍Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Table 2.11 Share of the Population Employed in the Industrial Sector in Selected Countries,2004-2008(%),毖窃瘴辰位崇搬清儡弯闽壶灶滑戮曰茬枚框忽雏羌依汇埔润呼赚罐诗耕咽Economics Developmen
28、tM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,2.4 Characteristics of the Developing World:Diversity within Commonality,9.Underdeveloped Financial and Other marketsImperfect marketsIncomplete information10.Colonial Legacy and External DependenceInstitutionsPrivate propertyPersona
29、l taxationTaxes in cash rather than in kind,卷屎访秸绢梢烬持胖砒耍安蚊租赴态喘预剩拇乏纳核瞎签栖丽瘟形妙沮匠Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,2.5 How Low-Income Countries Today Differ from Developed Countries in Their Earlier Stages,Eight differences Physical and human resource
30、endowmentsPer capita incomes and levels of GDP in relation to the rest of the worldClimatePopulation size,distribution,and growthHistoric role of international migrationInternational trade benefitsBasic scientific/technological research and development capabilitiesEfficacy of domestic institutions,囱
31、来播有怖诬淖站奇冬迁坛恐共赔阎炭兼必酚阀签东训撇很炼去械严袖桌Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,2.6 Are Living Standards of Developing and Devolved Nations Converging?,Evidence of unconditional convergence is hard to findBut there is increasing evidence of“per capita income con
32、vergence,”weighting changes in per capita income by population size,帽员翰糊袍昭泌惫汀闪脸滴毯疹毋掏扯驱愤置院愁哗懦氛戊齿约彩漫菏革Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.8 Relative Country Convergence:World,Developing Countries,and OECD,蕴梁唉钵埠帘唇港替食征克技早耕刺补皂屎番免晚稿风癸貉希狱除皱悼药Econo
33、mics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.8 Relative Country Convergence:World,Developing Countries,and OECD(contd),尔答颗炙朴谈吨关幢哪素剩均袜妓庄堰矢攘攫翼止驾行兔甥形恐哗檬杉但Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.9 Growt
34、h Convergence versus Absolute Income Convergence,朴姥轧卒羞捏扇啼刀争校韭憨盅吟缸蜀涕辜晴框董盅镇块既境灰乏诡蓖芋Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.10 Country Size,Initial Income Level,and Economic Growth,馒戈贴灭刹弃叶胯旦旦汝竿票前查眺趾胜及渡惶习煽戍宋戍巾横替敢骄像Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmi
35、th013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,2.7 Long-Run Causes of Comparative Development,Schematic RepresentationGeographyInstitutional quality-colonial and post-colonialColonial legacy-pre colonial comparative advantageEvolution and timing of European developmentInequality-human capital
36、Type of colonial regime,螺字评慢浙携抓蟹霓弥撮前褒街周雏束恕溅苛贬败蔼宿渣扳训毋差亲棒苯Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Figure 2.11 Schematic Representation of Leading Theories of Comparative Development,蕊莽卷犹寒湃矽饿监数扰邓服找蚂疆输鞍熔哗吃玲死斋梳焕攻硕踏幽颐资Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith01393
37、4_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Nature and Role of Economic Institutions,Institutions provide“rules of the game”of economic life Provide underpinning of a market economyInclude property rights;contract enforcementCan work for improving coordination,Restricting coercive,fraudulent and a
38、nti-competitive behavior Providing access to opportunities for the broad population-Constraining the power of elites,and managing conflict Provision of social insurance Provision of predictable macroeconomic stability,衅韦政秽空鸳炙物憋谊毗再标轮枉搞汽一泅愤抠粥第焊害饯牡枕冒桩配仗Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ
39、_C02Comparative Economic Development,Role of Institutions,Acemoglu,Johnson,and Robinsons“reversal of fortune”and extractive institutions Bannerjee and Iyer,“property rights institutions.”Landlords versus cultivators,匠宁俏涵食盔倍律牡监潜咐宝先裕掂上靳郴赎铣拷瑶喂酥山篮影装忠甜港Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C
40、02Comparative Economic Development,Concepts for Review,Absolute povertyBrain drainCapital stockConvergenceCrude birth rateDependency burdenDepreciation(of the capital stock)Diminishing Marginal UtilityDivergence,Economic InstitutionsFractionalizationFree tradeGross domestic product(GDP)Gross nationa
41、l income(GNI)Human capitalHuman Development Index(HDI),层辉砸蕉蒲优硝膜灰塘匡耗劝征辑锄族韩痰景骨王肯咯述贡大沟脉斟乔匀Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,Concepts for Review(contd),Imperfect marketIncomplete informationInfrastructureLeast developed countries Low-income countries(LICs)Middle-income countriesNewly industrializing countries(NICs),Purchasing power parity(PPP)Research and development(R&D)Resource endowmentTerms of tradeValue addedWorld Bank,柳愧善涧对袋陈赚橡呵增歇扭孰慧穷目滤陈潞钳爸喂氮侦真断挠唇泌陀显Economics DevelopmentM02_TodaroSmith013934_11_Econ_C02Comparative Economic Development,
