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1、习语的翻译策略四字格的翻译策略,三、习语汉译英,习语的范围,成语:“人们长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定性的词组或短句。汉语成语大多由四个字组成。”（陈文伯）set phrases;idioms2.惯用语：idioms3.俗语:“通俗流行之语”或“约定俗成广泛通行之语”sayings4.谚语:“在群众中间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。”proverbs歇后语：由前后两部分构成，前一部分多为比喻，后一部分说明喻义。two-part allegorical sayings格言警句:maxim,习语的特点,习语集中反映一个民族或文化的特色习语是各种修辞手段的集中表现习语是语
2、言中独立的、不规则的、固定的成分。第一、二两点对译者的要求是什么？第三点对译者的要求是什么？,第一、二两点要求译者尽量保持原文的民族形式和风格，因此直译（不是死译和硬译）往往是必要的。第三点要求译者不要把习语当作普通语句来处理，须避免字字对译。,习语翻译的指导思想,“直译基础上的意译”陆殿扬：“Translate literally,if possible,or,appeal to free translation.”(如果可能，就直译；否则就意译）奈达：功能对等（Functional Equivalence:not only the equivalent content of message
3、,but,in so far as possible,an equivalence of the form);,改变形式的五个条件,直译会导致意义上的错误时；引入外来语形成语义空白（Semantic Zero），读者有可能自己填入错误的意义时；形式对等引起严重的意义晦涩时；形式对等引起作者原意所没有的歧义时；形式对等违反译入语的语法或文体规范时。,习语汉译英的原则,形象性原则简练性原则不可滥用字面意义直译法尽量少用意译法和直译加注法,习语翻译的基本方法,1.直译法：在不违背译文语言规范以及不 引起译文读者错误理解的情况下，在译文中保留原文成语的形象、修辞手段和民族特色2.同义习语借用法:有些习
4、语在内容形式和色彩上都符合,可借用3.意译法:无法直译,也无法借用时,则意译4.直译兼意译:部分直译,部分意译,直意参半法,5.省略法:四字重叠词组因追求音韵美,前后两部分意义相同或相近时,只需译出一部分或只译其意义,可以不考虑重叠的部分。6.增添法：为了更清楚地表达原意，有时要结合上下文，在译文中增添一些说明。7.还原法：有些习语源于外语，翻译时可使之还原。8.直译加注法：有些习语包含历史典故，含有中国文化色彩，如果不作一番解释，英语读者将很难理解其确切含义。9.粗俗语回避法：对于粗俗语，通常采用回避的方法，即借用英语同义习语或意译等方法来处理。,直译法:保留原习语形象(异化)纸老虎 pap
5、er tiger走狗 running dog丢脸 lose face和风细雨 as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze槁木死灰 withered wood or cold ashes跑了和尚跑不了庙 The monk may run away,but the temple cant run away.竹篮打水一场空 drawing water in a bamboo basket,剖腹藏珠cut open your stomach to hide a pearl外强中干Outwardly strong but inwardly weak礼尚往
6、来Courtesy requires reciprocity(互惠）前怕老虎后怕狼Fear of the wolf in front and the tiger behind刻骨铭心To be engraved on ones heart and bones引狼入室To lead a wolf into the house,重见天日To see the daylight again百川归海All rivers flow to the sea.画饼充饥To draw cakes to allay 减轻 hunger口蜜腹剑To be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearte
7、d声东击西To shout in the east and strike in the west,城门失火,殃及池鱼A fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat壕沟,护城河.路遥知马力,日久见人心As a long road tests a horses strength,so a long task proves a persons heart.初生牛犊不怕虎New-born calves make little of tigers.明枪易躲,暗箭难防It is easy to dodge dd 躲避a spe
8、ar in the open,but hard to guard against an arrow shot from behind.,不能直译的习语,眉飞色舞死译：His eyebrows are flying and his countenance is dancing改译：To beam with joy粗枝大叶With big branches and broad leavesTo be crude（rough，coarse）and careless无孔不入To get into every holeTo take advantage of every weakness扬眉吐气To r
9、aise the eyebrow and let out a breathTo feel proud and elated兴高采烈的,灯红酒绿With red lights and green wineDissipated沉迷于酒色的and luxurious奢侈的纸醉金迷With drunken paper and bewitched 蛊惑,使着迷 gold(a life of)luxury and dissipation开门见山To open the door and see the mountainTo come straight to the point单枪匹马With a solit
10、ary spear and a single horseTo be single-handed in doing sth.,大张旗鼓To make a great array of flags and drumsOn a large and spectacular 壮观的scale海阔天空With a vast sea and a boundless sky(To talk)at random风雨飘摇The wind and rain are rocking(of a situation)being unstable,2.同义习语借用法:归化1)含义相同,所用比喻和形象基本一致,“心有灵犀一点
11、通”的习语,可“自然归化”混水摸鱼 to fish in troubled water火上浇油 to add fuel to oil空中楼阁 castles in the air趁热打铁 Strike while the iron is hot.沧海一粟 a drop in the ocean覆水难收 no use crying over spilt milk狐假虎威 ass in the lions skin养虎为患 to warm a snake in ones bosom buzm本末倒置 to put the cart before the horse眼中钉,肉中刺 a thorn i
12、n the flesh隔墙有耳 Walls have ears.,赴汤蹈火 go through fire and water过河拆桥 kick down the ladder格格不入 be like square pegs支柱in round holes乳臭未干 be wet behind the ears魂不附体 jump out of ones skin2)形象不同,寓意相同的,亦可借用，但是文化发生冲突时，要谨慎处理，不能随意借用。小题大做 make a mountain out of a molehill鼹鼠丘（可借用）班门弄斧：to teach a fish to swim（可借用
13、）谋事在人，成事在天Man proposes,God disposes.清除（不可借用）,3)不借用形象或比喻的,可放心借用迂回曲折 twists and turns断断续续 off and on 乱七八糟 at sixes and sevens挖空心思 to rack ones brains针锋相对 to give tit for tat,归化？异化？你来选择,竭泽而渔To drain a pond to catch all the fishKill the goose that lays the golden eggs打草惊蛇To stir up the grass and alert t
14、he snakeWake a sleeping dog易如反掌As easy as turning over ones handAs easy as falling off a log,掌上明珠A pearl in the palmThe apple of ones eye守口如瓶To keep ones mouth closed like a bottleTo keep a still tongue in ones head雪中送炭To send charcoal in snowy weatherTo help a lame dog over stile横路栅栏画蛇添足To draw a s
15、nake and add feet to itTo paint the lily,3.意译法:牺牲形象,割舍文化因子胸有成竹To have a well-thought-out经过周详之考虑的 plan before doing sth桃李满天下To have students all over the world叶公好龙Professed love of what one really fears东施效颦Crude imitation with ludicrous荒谬的effect南柯一梦A fond dream or illusory joy四面楚歌To be besieged on al
16、l sides,悬梁刺股To be extremely hard-working in ones studies初出茅庐At the beginning of ones career罄竹难书(of crimes)too numerous to mention倾城倾国To be extremely beautiful辎珠必较To haggle over every penny毛遂自荐To volunteer ones service,4.直译兼意译,无亲无故 without a single relative or friend to help her out 斩草除根 pluck up the
17、 evil by the roots风餐露宿 braving the wind and dew贼眉鼠眼 to behave stealthily悄悄地like a thief 辗转反侧 to toss and turn restlessly跃跃欲试 eager to have a try狼吞虎咽 to wolf sth.Down,5.省略法,能工巧匠 skilled craftsman称兄道弟 to call each other brothers赤手空拳 to be bare-handed自吹自擂 to blow ones own trumpets心慈手软 soft-hearted安家落户
18、to make ones home抛头露面 to make ones own appearance愁眉苦脸 to pull on a long face,长吁短叹Sighing deeply千真万确Quite true油嘴滑舌Glib能说善道的,圆滑的tongue断子绝孙may you die sonless.may you be the last of your line沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。Her beauty would put the flowers to shame.,6.增添法,树倒猢狲散 Once the tree falls,the monkeys on it will
19、flee helter-shelter.(慌慌张张）借香敬佛 borrowing joss-sticks线香from a neighbor and burning them before Buddha for your own sake.惊弓之鸟 A bird starteld by the mere twang 弦声of a bow-string螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后 The mantis stalks the cicada,unaware of the oriole lurking behind itself.风声鹤唳，草木皆兵 be scared by the sigh of the win
20、d or the cry of the cranes,fearing ambush at every tree and tuft一绺of grass,个人自扫门前雪，不管他人瓦上霜。Sweep the snow from your own front door;leave the frost on the other mans roof to thaw融雪.Mind your own business;poke not your nose into other peoples business.木已成舟 The wood is already made into a boat-whats do
21、ne is done.井水不犯河水 Well water and river water leave each other alone-stay out of things that dont concern you.,7.还原法,牵着鼻子走 lead/be led by the nose 火中取栗 cats paw/to pull the chestnut out of the fire武装到了牙齿 be armed to the teeth 象沙丁鱼罐头一样packed like sardines/jammed together like sardines夹着尾巴跑了run away wi
22、th their tails between their legs 战争贩子war monger 死硬派 die-hards强权政治 power politics,8.直译加注法,司马昭之心，路人皆知。毛遂自荐世外桃源画龙点睛画蛇添足三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。班门弄斧,9.粗俗语回避法,我要去就是王八蛋。Ill be damned if Ill go.他妈的，雨真大。Blast it!What a heavy rain!真该死，我没赶上末班车。Oh,hell.Ive missed the last train.你可以滚蛋了。You can go to the devil!,四、翻译常用的八种技巧
23、,1.重译法(repetition)2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法(conversion)5.词序调整法(inversion)6.分译法(division)7.正说反译,反说正译法(negation)8.语态 变换法(the change of the voices),习语的翻译策略,一.直译直译能够比较完整地保留原习语的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格，但必须以不引起读者误解和不违背译文表达习惯为前提。例如：（1）处理人民内部的矛盾，必须坚持和风细雨的方法，坚持“团结-批评-团结”的方法。It is essential to persist
24、in using methods as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze,and to adhere to the formula of“unity-criticism-unity”,in dealing with contradictions among the people.（2）所以这李纨虽青春丧偶，且处于膏粱锦绣之中，竟如“槁木死灰”一般，一概不问 So this young widow living in the lap of luxury was no better off than withered wood or cold
25、ashes,taking no interest in theoutside world（3）他一家子在这儿，他的房子、地在这儿，他跑？跑了和尚跑不了庙。Escape?But his home and property cant escape.The monk may runaway,but the temple cant run with him.（4）咳！这一来，竹篮子打水一场空了！Ah!We are drawing water in a bamboo basket.,二.意译当直译有困难或勉强译出而英语读者无法理解式，一般应采用意译法。这主要是翻译时抓住内容和喻义，牺牲形象、结合上下文比
26、较灵活地转达原意。（5）她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到了嘴边，她又把它吞了下去。She was afraid of being snubbed,so she swallowed the words that came to her lips.（6）她好久不来信了，一家子盼了星星盼月亮。For many months no letter came from her.Till her whole family worried over her day and night.（7）我要是有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！If anything should happen to me,let Yushan know!
27、（8）你不能戴着木头眼镜，只看一寸远。The trouble with you is you cannot see an inch beyond your nose.,三.节译在汉语习语中，常有并列的对偶结构，用两个不同的喻体表达相同的喻意。对此类汉语习语通常可采用节译法，即省去并列重复的部分，保留它的基本喻意。（9）冷淡的阳光照着他们的愁眉苦脸和长发白眼。The cold,pale sunlight fell on their gloomy faces,long hair and lustreless eyes.（10）最可恶的是行里的同仁背后骂我是个老糊涂，瞎了眼，叫一个不学无术的三等货来
28、做我的襄理。What is most detestable is that all my colleagues in the bank call me a blind old fool behind my back because I have engaged an uneducated thirdrater as my assistant.（11）忽闻有人在牡丹亭畔，长吁短叹。Suddenly he heared a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply.（12）“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听得小尼姑的带哭的声音。“A
29、H Q,may you die sonless!”sounded the little nuns voice tearfully in the distance.,四.直译和意译兼用在采用直译以保留原文比喻形象的同时，又兼用意译，又是略作适当补充，使译文能更加清晰地传达原文含义。（13）我说二三百两银子，你就说二三十两！戴着斗笠亲嘴，差着一帽子！When I say two or three hundred taels,you say twenty or thirty!Its like kissing in straw helmets-the lips are far apart!（14）她一
30、个单身人，无亲无故 But this girl was all by herself and far from home,without a single relative or friend to help her.（15）王冕一路风餐露宿，九十里大站，七十里小站，一径来到山东济南府地方。Braving the wind and dew,Wang Mian travelled day after day past large posting stations and small,till he came to the city of Jinan.,五.借用英语中的同义习语英语里有一些习语和汉
31、语的一些习语采用相同或相似的形象或比喻，表达相同或相似的喻意，可以借用英语同义习语来翻译。（16）如今便赶着躲了，料也躲不及，少不得要使各“金蝉脱壳”的法子 Well,its too late to hide now.I must try to avoid suspicion by throwing them off the scent（17）只有大胆地破釜沉舟地跟他们拼，也许还有翻身的那一天！All you can do is to burn your boats and fight them in the hope that one day youll come out on top.（1
32、8）我没想到他对同志们的批评竟充耳不闻。I didnt expect him to turn a deaf ear to the comrades criticism.,天长地久 as old as the hills胆小如鼠 as timid as a hare泰然自若 as cool as a cucumber水中捞月 to fish in the air苦如黄连 as bitter as wormwood鸡皮疙瘩 goose-flesh轻如鸿毛 as light as a feather旁观者清 The onlooker sees most of the game.艳如桃李 as red
33、 as rose,狐假虎威 ass in the lions skin物以类聚 Birds of a feather flock together.非驴非马 Neither fish,nor flesh,nor fowl.如释重负 to take a load off ones mind挥金如土 to spend money like water弱不禁风 as weak as water瞬息之间 in the twinkle of an eye泪如泉涌 a stream of tears瓮中之鳖 a rat in a hole,扬眉吐气 to hold ones head high一针见血 t
34、o touch one on the raw不翼而飞 to take wings to itself小题大做 to make mountains out of molehills格格不入 a square peg in a round hole山穷水尽 at the end of ones rope冷若冰霜 as cold as marble半斤八两 six of one and half a dozen of the other胸有成竹 to have a card up ones sleeve,孤注一掷 to put all ones eggs in one basket纸上谈兵 armc
35、hair strategy白费唇舌 to speak to the wind同行相嫉 Two of a trade can never agree.一文不名 without a penny to ones name,质地优良 to be exvellent in quality品种齐全 in complete range of articles款式繁多 with various patterns选料考究 choice material做工精细 fine wormanship色泽鲜明 bright-coloured零售价格 retail price 批发价格 wholesale price货到付款 payment against arrival,质地优良 to be exvellent in quality品种齐全 in complete range of articles款式繁多 with various patterns选料考究 choice material做工精细 fine wormanship色泽鲜明 bright-coloured零售价格 retail price 批发价格 wholesale price货到付款 payment against arrival,
