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1、精品论文大集合The refraction of one single photonLi HongruiChemistry Department, Shandong Teachers University, Jinan, Shandong（250014）E-mail: hongrei2001AbstractA new photon model is proposed and the parameter equations of the photon are obtained. The parameter equations can express the unity of the wave-p
2、article dual nature of the photon. Using thismodel, the double refraction, polarization and dispersion of light can be explained. The law of refraction can be derived. According to this model, every photon is polarized. Polarization is theintrinsic nature of the photon. For one photon, it is either
3、clockwise motion or counterclockwise motion.The so-called unpolarized light is that the light consists of the equal number photons of clockwise motion and counterclockwise motion.Keywords: Photon; Refraction; Dispersion; Total reflection; Spiral motion1. INTRODUCTIONAlmost every body knows what the
4、light is. Actually no one knows what the light really is. There are many theories have been proposed for the explanations of sophisticated phenomena of light. For instance, during eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century, four main theories, projectile theory, fluid theory, vibration theory and wav
5、e theory, were employed. But neither of them can solve the problem completely 1 . Clerk Maxwell considered that the light consists of alternating electromagnetic waves. In this way the observed actions of reflection and refraction, interference and diffraction and polarization could all be explained
6、 2, but it could do nothing for photo-electricity. Einstein took the energy of a light ray spreading out from a point source as a finite number of energy quanta and solved the phenomena of photoemission perfectly 3-4 . Now we consider that the light has dualistic nature of wave and particle 2-3-5 .
7、But we neither use its wave property to explain its particle behaviors nor use its particle property to explain its wave behaviors. We have no reason to suppose that the present concepts represent an ultimate description 2. In this paper a new classical photon model is proposed and either wave natur
8、e or particle nature of the photon can be explained.2. THE NEW CLASSICAL PHOTON MODELBased on Einsteins idea of the photon, I suppose that a photon spirals forward with the energy E = h, its linear velocity of spiral motion is , so its momentum is p = m, m is the moving mass of the photon, h is Plan
9、cks constant, is the frequency of the light, it is the number of the pitches that the photon experienced per second. See Fig.1. The distance between the two spirals (one pitch)- 5 -is the wavelength of the light. There are only two spiral directions for photons. One is clockwise and the other is cou
10、nterclockwise. Different photons with different energy have different linear velocities of spiral motion. The photon with high frequency (more spiral number in one unit time) has high energy E and short wavelength , vice versa. The different photons with different energy have different , , but they
11、have the same component of the linear velocity in the forward direction in vacuum. It is equal to c (the speed of light in vacuum). They have different a but the same b(= c). See Fig.1(b). In Fig.1, (a) represents the motion of clockwise spiral photon, (b) represents the counterclockwise spiral phot
12、on. In (b) at point A, the linear velocity of the spiralphoton is divided into two parts，a and b, b is always equal to c, exceeds c definitely. It seemsin conflict with special relativity, but there is a determined speed greater than c 6.Now we can get the parameter equations of the spiral motion of
13、 the photon.x = r costy = r sintwave nature of lightz = kt = ctparticle nature of lightIn these equations, x = r cost and y = r sint are both cyclical fluctuation functions. They represent the wave properties of the light. P = m and z = kt which is one linear function of the time can represent the p
14、article properties of the light. So these parameter equations show the dual nature of the photon when it travels. More generally, the equations become:x = r cos (t )y = r sin (t )z = kt = ct 3. THE REFRACTION OF ONE PHOTONFigure 2 shows how the refraction takes place when an incident photon entering
15、 into the glass from a void. MP represents the interface between a void (above MP)Figure 2 The refraction of a photonand glass (below it).When a photon spiraling forward is obliquely incident from a void into glass as shown in Fig.2, its spiral motion plane must move from CD to EF. The photon should
16、 experience the distance DF in the void, the propagating speed is c, and at the same time it should also experience the distance CE in the glass with forward velocity m. If the resistance in the glass to the photon is equal to that in the void, m = c, we have DF = CE. The photon spirals forward in i
17、ts original direction. There is no refraction at all. If the resistance of the glass is greater than that of the void, we have m c,and CE DF. So the propagation direction of the light should bend toward the normal line in theglass.That is the refraction of light.Figure 3 The total reflection of ligh
18、tNow, lets derive the Snells law from this model. In figure 2, the angle ACI is the angle of incidence iand the angle HFL, the angle of refraction i. The arcs DF and CE have the same center O, so we have OC/OD =m/c, and we also have that: OCsin i = OFsin i= ON, with OD = OF, we can getsin i /sin i=O
19、F/OC=OD/OC= c/m= n/n. This is the Snells law (where n,n are the refractive indices of glass and void, respectively.).A photon passing from a denser to a rarer medium is refracted away from the normal to the surface. The angle of refraction in the rarer medium increases more rapidly than the angle of
20、 incidence. In figure 3, when the angle of incidence is greater than the criticalangle, ic(where i= 90, sin ic=m/c), the photon can not enter the second medium (a void). It will be reflected at the surface. This is the total reflection of light.4. THE DISPERSION OF LIGHTWhen a photon from air passes
21、 obliquely through a prism, if the index of glass is greater than that of air, the motion of the photon is like the situation showed in Fig.4. When the photon spirals through the distances AB and DE during the same time interval, the speed of the photon in the glass is smaller than that in air cause
22、d by the different resistances of the glass and the air (m c), so DE is shorter than AB, DE AB. The direction of propagation of the light bends down. Same thing happens again when the photon leaving the prism, HI FG, the propagation direction bends down again, showed in Fig.4. Two refractions occur
23、for the photon passing through the prism. And different photons with different frequencies have the different distances of DE and HI. The higher frequency of light has, the more pitches should be made by the photon when it passes through the distances of DE and HI, the bigger effect of resistance of
24、 the glass should be, the distances of DE and HI are shorter and the direction of propagation of the light bends much more down comparing with the photon of low frequency. So the photons with high frequencies have the large refraction indices, vice versa. This is the refractive dispersion of light.
25、When we let a beam of white light pass through the prism obliquely, the different lights with different colors are refracted with different amounts according to their frequencies, and are therefore separated or dispersed into a band of colors.5. THE POLARIZATION OF THE PHOTONThere are only two spira
26、l directions of moving photons for a beam of unpolarized light coming from the light source. One is clockwise direction and the other is counterclockwise direction. The number of the photons in one spiral direction should be equal to the other. There is no reason for us to consider that the light so
27、urce can produce more photons in one spiral direction than the other. It should be 50% for each. When this unpolarized light beam passes through one anisotropic medium (such as crystal of calcite or quartz) with the direction normally to the section containing the optic axis, the two different kind
28、of photons will be separated each other by the medium because that they suffer different resistances resulting from their different spiral directions. They become two beams of moving photons each with only one spiral direction. These two beams have the different velocities in the anisotropic mediums
29、 and have the different refraction indices. This is the double refraction of light. If we allow one unpolarized light beam to be incident in a polarizer, one of the two separated beam of photons is reflected or absorbed, the other beam of photons with only one spiral direction passing through the po
30、larizer is the polarized light. The spiral direction of these photons is either clockwise or counterclockwise. The perfectpolarizer would transmit 50% of the incident unpolarized light. Now we can say that the polarization is the intrinsic property of photon. For one photon, there is no unpolarized
31、light at all. Every photon is polarized. The polarization of one photon has been determined 7. If the polarizer cant reflect or absorb one spiral direction photons completely from the incident monochromatic light, the beam coming out from the polarizer should be partially polarized light. The photon
32、s in two spiral directions are not equal.Some crystals or substances that have optical activity have their enantiomers. The enantiomers can rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite direction. They are the same molecular formulas. But they cant be superimposed upon each other. They have a chir
33、al structure. They are just the mirror-image isomers. Fortunately, the trajectories of the two photons with the same frequency but opposite spiral directions are also mirror-image isomers. They cant be superimposed upon each other either (Fig.1).6. CONCLUSIONGenerally, one monochromatic light beam c
34、onsists of clockwise spiraling motion photons and anticlockwise spiraling motion photons that are on a fifty-fifty basis. Polarized light is that the light beam consists of only one spiral direction photons. Partially polarized light consists of unequal number photons of clockwise and counterclockwi
35、se spiral motion. Polarization is the intrinsic nature of the photon. It is not formed by a polarizer. The trajectories of the two photons with equal energy but different spiral direction are mirror-image isomers. They cant be superimposed upon each other. The phenomena of refraction and dispersion
36、of light are caused by the different resistances to the spiraling photon in the different mediums. The scattering of light is the collision between the spiraling photon and the particle. Almost every phenomenon of light scattering can be explained by one model of collision between the spiraling phot
37、on and the particle.References1G. N. Cantor, Optics after Newton (Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester, 1983), pp. 25-172.2W. H. A. Fincham and M. H. Freeman, Optics 9th ed. (Butterworths, London, 1980), pp. 202-2033 S. Diner, D. Fargue, G. Lochak, and F. Selleri, The Wave-Particle Dualism (D. ReidelP
38、ublishingCompany,Dordrecht, Holland, 1984), pp. 28.4A. B. Arons and M. B. Peppard, Einsteins Proposal of the Photon Concepta Translation of the Annalen der Physik Paper of 1905. Amer. J. Phys. 33, 367-374 (1965).5F. G. Smith and J. H. Thomson, Optics 2nd ed (John WileySons Ltd., Chichester, 1988).6L. J. Wang, A. Kuzmich, and A. Dogariu, Gain-assisted superluminal light propagation. Nature (London)406, 277-279 (2000).7T. Hiruma and Y. Suzuki, Photonics in the 21st Century. (I have used the Chinese version translated by S. Wang), (Zhejiang Univ. Press, Hangzhou, 2000), pp. 141.
