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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN821-1:1995Advanced technical ceramics Monolithic ceramics Thermo-physical properties Part 1: Determination of thermal expansionThe European Standard EN 821-1:1995 has the status of aBritish StandardBS EN 821-1:1995Committees responsible for thisBritish StandardThe preparation o
2、f this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee RPI/13, Advanced technical ceramics, upon which the following bodies were represented:AEA TechnologyAluminium FederationBritish Ceramic Research Ltd.British Industrial Ceramic Manufacturers Association Department of Trade and Industry (Nat
3、ional Physical Laboratory) Flat Glass Manufacturers AssociationGAMBICA (BEAMA Ltd.)Institute of Refractories EngineersMinistry of DefenceRefractories Association of Great BritainSociety of British Aerospace Companies LimitedUniversity of ManchesterThis British Standard, having been prepared under th
4、e direction of the Sector Board for Materials and Chemicals, was published under the authorityof the Standards Board and comes into effect on15 September 1995 BSI 11-1999The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference RPI/13Draft for comment 92/45078 DCISBN 0 580
5、 24106 8Amd. No.DateCommentsAmendments issued since publicationBS EN 821-1:1995ContentsPage Committees responsibleInside front cover National forewordii Foreword 2Text of EN 821-13List of referencesInside back cover BSI 11-1999iBS EN 821-1:1995National forewordThis British Standard has been prepared
6、 by Technical Committee RPI/13, and is the English language version of EN 821-1:1995 Advanced technical ceramics Monolithic ceramics Thermo-physical properties Part 1: Determination of thermal expansion, published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).EN 821-1 was produced as a result
7、of international discussions in which the UKtook an active part.EN 821 consists of three Parts: Part 1: Determination of thermal expansion; Part 2: Determination of thermal diffusivity; Part 3: Determination of specific heat capacity (ENV).Cross-referencesPublication referred to Corresponding Britis
8、h StandardEN 45001BS 7501:1989 General criteria for the operation of testing laboratoriesENV 1006DD ENV:1994 Advanced technical ceramics Methods of testing monolithic ceramics Guidance on the sampling and selection of test piecesBS 4937 International thermocouple reference tablesHD 446.1 S1 Part 1:1
9、973 Platinum-10 % rhodium/platinum thermocouples. Type SPart 2:1973 Platinum-13 % rhodium/platinumthermocouples. Type RPart 3:1973 Iron/copper-nickel thermocouples. Type J Part 4:1973 Nickel-chromium/nickel-aluminium thermocouples. Type KPart 5:1974 Copper/copper-nickel thermocouples. Type TPart 6:1
10、974 Nickel-chromium/copper-nickelthermocouples. Type EPart 7:1974 Platinum-30 % rhodium/platinum-6 %rhodium thermocouples. Type BPart 8:1986 Nickel-chromium-silicon/nickel-silicon(nicrosil/nisil) thermocouples including composition. Type NA British Standard does not purport to include all the necess
11、ary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, the EN tit
12、le page, pages 2 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover.This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. BSI 11-1999iiEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 821-1Ja
13、nuary 1995ICS 81.060.10; 81.060.20Descriptors: Ceramics, thermodynamic properties, tests, determination, thermal expansionEnglish versionAdvanced technical ceramics Monolithic ceramics Thermo-physical properties Part 1: Determination of thermal expansionCramiques techniques avances Cramiques monolit
14、hiques Proprits thermo-physiques Partie 1: Dtermination de la dilatation thermiqueHochleistungskeramik Monolithische Keramik Thermophysikalische Eigenschaften Teil 1: Bestimmung der thermischen LngennderungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 1995-01-04. CEN members are bound to comply with
15、 the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat
16、 or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official ver
17、sions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland United Kingdom.CENEuropean Committee for Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation E
18、uropisches Komitee fr NormungCentral Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1995 Copyright reserved to CEN membersRef. No. 821-1:1995 EEN 821-1:199513 BSI 11-1999ForewordThis European Standard has been prepared by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 184, Advanced technical ceramics, the secreta
19、riat of which is held by BSI.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latestby July 1995, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 1995.According to the CEN/CENELEC
20、 Internal Regulations, the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.EN 821 consists of three Parts: Pa
21、rt 1: Determination of thermal expansion; Part 2: Determination of thermal diffusivity; Part 3: Determination of specific heat capacity(ENV).ContentsPageForeword21Scope32Normative references33Definitions 34Principle 35Apparatus36Test pieces67Procedure88Calculation of results 99Reporting of results 9
22、10Test report9Annex A (normative) Calibration ofapparatus (direct-measuring instruments) 11Annex B (normative) Calibration ofapparatus (differential type)12Annex C (informative) Thermalexpansion reference data12Annex D (informative) Bibliography14Figure 1 Schematic diagrams ofapparatus arrangements4
23、Figure 2 Suitable constructions oftest piece holders in silica and alumina5Figure 3 Silica ball test piecesupport and carrier 7Figure 4 Example of arrangement of differential thermocouples to monitor temperature distribution in the test piece, where %T1, %T2 aredifferential temperatures7Figure 5 Tes
24、t pieces with a) rounded ends for use with flat end plate and push rod surfaces and b) flat square ends for use with rounded end plate and push rod surfaces in a conventional horizontaldilatometer8Table 1 Requirements for accuracylevels A and B 3Table 2 Thermal expansionreference data131 ScopeThis P
25、art of EN 821 describes the method for the determination of the linear thermal expansion characteristics of advanced monolithic technical ceramics up to a maximum temperatureof 1 500 C (see 5.2) and to a specified level of accuracy A or B as defined in Table 1.The method describes general principles
26、 of construction, calibration and operation of suitable apparatus. Specific details, including test piece dimensions, depend on the design of the apparatus. Methods of calibration are given in Annex Aand Annex B. Thermal expansion reference data aregiven in Annex C.2 Normative referencesThis Europea
27、n Standard incorporates by dated or undated references, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications a
28、pply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.EN 45001, General criteria for the operation of testing laboratories.ENV 1006, Advanced technical ceramics Methods of testing monolit
29、hic ceramics Guidance on the sampling and selection of test pieces.HD 446.1 S1, Thermocouples Part 1: Reference tables.ISO 3611, Micrometer callipers for external measurement.ISO 6906, Vernier callipers reading to 0,02 mm.3 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Part of EN 821, the following definition
30、s apply.3.1linear thermal expansionthe proportional extension which occurs when a material is heated3.2linear thermal expansion coefficientthe proportional extension which occurs when a material is heated over a temperature intervalof 1 K at temperature T3.3mean linear thermal expansion coefficientt
31、he average value of the thermal expansion coefficient over a temperature range T1 to T24 PrincipleA test piece is heated and subsequently cooled, either at a specified uniform rate or using defined temperature increments. Its change of length and its temperature is measured continuously during the h
32、eating and cooling. The percentage expansion or contraction over the required temperature range is calculated and the results presented both as a mean linear thermal expansion coefficient over chosen temperature ranges, and as a graph of thermal expansion against temperature.5 Apparatus5.1 General.
33、The apparatus shall conform to the specification given below and be capable of calibration according to the procedures given either in Annex A for direct measurement or Annex B for differential measurement. Any suitable proprietary apparatus may be used and suitable designs are shown in Figure 1.Tab
34、le 1 Requirements for accuracy levels A and BTest method requirementMeasurement accuracy requiredABRequired accuracy of result over 100 K temperature interval 0,1 106 K1 0,5 106 K1Temperature variation along test piece during test 2 K 5 KDeviation from smooth temperature ramp or hold 1 K 2 KExpansio
35、n measurement device sensitivity and repeatability (% of specimen length)0,001 %0,005 %Sensitivity of recording of thermocouple temperatures 0,1 K 0,5 KNOTE Arrangement a) may also be inclined at an angle to the horizontal or may be vertical (see Figure 2).Figure 1 Schematic diagrams of apparatus ar
36、rangements5.2 Construction materials. For measurements from below ambient temperature to 1 000 C, transparent fused silica or fused quartz shall be used for construction of the test piece holder. For measurements from ambient temperature to temperatures above 1 000 C, an alumina ceramic of at least
37、99,8 % Al2O3 shall be used for construction of the test piece holder.NOTE The use of fused silica or fused quartz at temperatures above 800 C can lead to structural changes or crystallization, and thus to changes in the thermal expansion coefficient of the apparatus. Calibration of the apparatus (se
38、e Annex A andAnnex B) should be carried out frequently, and if there is any sign of discontinuities in the expansion curves resulting from phase transitions of cristobalite (150 C to 250 C) or quartz (573 C), the apparatus should be replaced.The push rod for transmitting the displacement of the test
39、 piece to the measuring device shall be of the same material as the test piece holder.5.3 Test piece holder. Some possible constructions of the test piece holder are shown in Figure 2. For use with round-ended test pieces (see clause 6) the outer sleeve shall have an end-plate with a surface ground
40、flat to within 10 4m. The normal to the surface of the end-plate shall be visually square to the measurement axis. For use with flat-ended test pieces (see clause 6) the outer sleeve shall have an end-plate which is rounded to a radius of curvature of between 1 mm and 20 mm. The push-rod end in cont
41、act with the test piece shall have similar shape to the test piece holder end-plate.For test piece holders constructed from fused silica tube or rod (see 5.3) the end-plate shall be rigidly fixed to the outer sleeve by flame fusing at a point remote from the end-plate surface. Alternatively, for out
42、er sleeves constructed from fused silica rod, the end-plate may be prepared by machining from solid material. Examples of constructions are shownin Figure 2 a).For test piece holders constructed from alumina (see 5.2) rod, the end-plate may be prepared by machining from solid material. If constructe
43、d from alumina tube, fusion is not possible.For vertical measuring apparatus, the outer sleeve shall be fixed to a flat plate using refractory cement outside the joint as shown in Figure 2 b). Fornon-vertical measuring apparatus in which the sleeve end is free-standing, a closed end alumina tube sha
44、ll be used, and the end-plate machined to fitinside the tube end as shown in Figure 2 c). Theassembly shall then be fixed in position with a suitable refractory cement, and then fired to a temperature greater than 1 400 C under an axial load.NOTE The firing under load minimizes the risk of movement
45、of the assembly during use. Some movement may still occur during initial use. Thermal cycling should be continued until the net movement over a thermal cycle to the highest temperature at which the apparatus is to be used is less than 1 4m.Alternatively, an end-plate may be shaped to fit in tangential slots in the tube. If this approach is adopted, the components shall be designed to fit together with no possibility of relative movement in use, e.g. by
