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1、Shipment,Introduction Letter AnalysisSpecimen Letters Useful ExpressionsSentence Patterns and ExamplesExercises,I.Introduction,(1)Shipment Shipment is a very imortant part in foreign trade because goods by seller have to be delivered to the buyer abroad,and the delivery of goods is to be made possib
2、le by transport services(by road or rail,sea,and by air).As,basically,some 98%of world trade is conveyed by sea transport we lay an emphasis on sea transport in this chapter.But,with the development of the trade to the landlocked countries,air transport and land transport are now widely used in our
3、foreign trade.,I.Introduction,In international trade,it is gennerally accepted that the contract is broken if the consignor(or exporter)does not dispatch the goods in accordance with the time and mode of delivery as agreed upon betweeen the consignee(or the importer)and the consignor.Therefore,in ne
4、gotiating the clause dealing with the transportation of goods in a sales contract,the elements of time,types of shipping service,freight,etc.should be under careful consideration.,I.Introduction,The shipment should come into effect neither too long nor too short a time after the contract is conclude
5、d.Generally speaking,the time limit governing a shipment is of three categories:The shipment with a fixed date,e.g.before the end of June,on June 25;The shipment with a date in the near futre,e.g.immediate shipment,prompt shipment;The shipment with an indefinite date,e.g.shipment within 30 days afte
6、r the date of receipt of the letter of credit,shipment subject to shipping space available,shipment by first opportunuty.,I.Introduction,The baisic marine transport are as follows:Conference line vessels(班轮公会定期船)ships operated by a line that is a member of a shipping conference;Non-conference line v
7、essels ships operated by shipping companies that do not belong to conferences but provide scheduled services;Tramp ships（不定期货船）ships not following regular route but trading in all parts of the world in search of cargo,primarily bulk shipments（散装运输）;Chartered ships（租轮）ships hired to transport product
8、s for a particular purpose or time.,Introduction,Three parties involved in the movement of the goods:,Unit Fourteen Shipment(装运),the consigner(发货人)who sends the goods;the carrier(承运人)who carries them;the consignee(收货人)who receives them at the destination.,shipping documents.The bill of lading,the in
9、surance policy and the commercial invoice are called shipping documents.With these shippig documents ready,the exporter will try to get payment for the goods shipped.,Bill of LadingIn international trade goods are sent by cargo ships from one country to another.When the exporter places the goods on
10、board the ship he gets a receipt from the shipping company,which is called Bill of Lading(B/L).The bill of lading is important because it gives the right to the goods.In international trade,delivery of goods is actually made by handling over the bill of lading.Without L/C,the importer cannot take de
11、livery of the goods unless he can prove that the goods really belongs to him.Whoever possesses the B/L can claim the goods on presentation.,Kinds of B/L:On Board B/L or Shipped B/L(已装运提单)Received for Shipment B/L(备运提单)Through B/L(联运提单，全程提单)Clean B/L(清洁提单)The bill of lading,the insurance policy and t
12、he commercial invoice are called shipping documents.With these shippig documents ready,the exporter will try to get payment for the goods shipped.,Kinds of B/L:,1)已装船提单(SHIPPED OR BOARD B/L):承运人向托运人签发的货物已经装船的提单。2)备运提单或待运提单(RECEIVED FOR SHIPPING B/L):承运人虽已收到货物但尚未装船时签发的提单。3)直达提单(DIRECT B/L):货物自装货港装船后，
13、中途不经换船直接驶到卸货港卸货而签发的提单。4)联运提单或称转船提单(THROUGH B/L):承运人在装货港签发的中途得以转船运输而至目的港的提单。5)班轮提单(LINERB/L):班轮是在一定的航线上按照公布的时间表，在规定的港口间连续从事货运的船舶。班轮可分定线定期和定线不定期两种。,Kinds of B/L:,6)租船合同提单(CHARTER PARTY B/L):用租船承运租船人的全部货物，船东签给租船人的提单，或者并非全部装运租船人的货物，而由船东或租船人所签发的提单。7)记名提单(STRAIGHT B/L):只有提单上指名的收货人可以提货的提单，一般不具备流通性。8)指示提单(O
14、RDER B/L)此种提单通过指示人背书后可以转让。通常有未列名指示（仅写ORDER），列名指示（ORDER OF SHIPPER或ORDER OF CONSIGNEE/COMPANY；ORDER OF/BANK）。,Kinds of B/L:,9)不记名提单(BLANK B/L)或(OPEN B/L):提单内没有任何收货人或ORDER字样，即提单的任何持有人都有权提货。10)清洁提单(CLEAN B/L):货物交运时，表面情况良好，承运人签发提单时未加任何货损、包装不良或其他有碍结汇的批注。11)不清洁提单(FOUL B/L):货物交运时，其包装及表面状态出现不坚固完整等情况，船方可以批注，
15、即为不清洁提单。,各种提单的特点：记名提单在收货人CONSIGNEE一栏内列明收货人名称，货物只能交与列明的收货人，这种提单失去了代表货物、可转让流通的便利，但同时也可以避免在转让过程中可能带来的风险；,各种提单的特点：不记名提单上不列明收货人名称，又称来人抬头提单，这种提单不需要任何背书手续即可转让，或提取货物，极为简便。承运人应将货物交给提单持有人，谁持有提单，谁就可以提货，承运人交付货物只凭单，不凭人。这种提单丢失或被窃，风险极大，若转入恶意的第三着手中时，极易引起纠纷，故国际上较少使用这种提单。另外，根据有些班轮公会的规定，凡使用不记名提单。在给大副的提单副本中必须注明卸货港通知人的名
16、称和地址。,各种提单的特点：指示提单上不列明收货人，凭背书进行转让，有利于资金的周转，所以在国际贸易中应用较普遍。指示提单按照表示指示人的方法不同而分为以下三种：）托运人指示提单：在收货人栏内只填“凭指示（TOORDER）”字样，由托运人背书后转让，又称空白抬头提单。这种提单在托运人未指定收货人或受让人之前，货物所有权仍属于卖方，在跟单信用证支付方式下，托运人就是以议付银行或收货人为受让人，通过转让提单而取得议付货款的。与记名指示提单不同，这种提单没有经提单指定的人背书才能转让的限制，转让时只凭托运人的空白背书即可，所以其流通性更大；,各种提单的特点：指示提单上不列明收货人，凭背书进行转让，有
17、利于资金的周转，所以在国际贸易中应用较普遍。指示提单按照表示指示人的方法不同而分为以下三种：）记名指示人提单：收货人栏内填“凭某某指示（TOORDEROF.）”，根据指示方不同分为凭托运人SHIPPER的指示、凭收货人指示或凭进口方银行指示等，分别需托运人、收货人或进口方银行背书后方可转让或提货，又称指示抬头提单；,各种提单的特点：指示提单上不列明收货人，凭背书进行转让，有利于资金的周转，所以在国际贸易中应用较普遍。指示提单按照表示指示人的方法不同而分为以下三种：3）选择指示人提单：如果在收货人栏内填“某某或指示”，则称为选择指示人提单。记名指示提单中“某某”相当于记名指示提单，“或指示”相当
18、于托运人指示提单。,指示提单的特点：指示提单一经背书即可转让，意味着背书人确认该提单的所有权转让。指示提单背书有空白背书（BLANKENDORSEMENT）和记名背书（SPECIAL ENDORSEMENT）两种：空白背书是由提单转让人在提单背面签上背书人单位名称及负责人签章，但不注明被背书人的名称，此种流通性强，采用较普遍。,指示各种提单的特点：记名背书除同空白背书需由背书人签章外，还要注明被背书人的名称。如被背书人再进行转让，必须再加背书（如信用证出口业务中，出口商以发货人的身份作成开证行的记名背书，信用证规定提单收货人是议付行，在寄单前，议付行作成记名背书给开证行，进口商付款赎单时，若提
19、单抬头人或被背书人是开证行，由开证行背书给进口商。）。,综合以上分析得出背书提单分为以下三种：1空白背书的记名指示提单（TOORDEROF，不注明被背书人）：托运人、收货人或进口方银行作为第一背书人将提单所有权转让给不定的其他人；2空白背书的不记名指示提单（TOORDER，不注明被背书人）：托运人作为第一背书人将提单所有权转让给不定的其他人；3记名背书的记名指示提单（TOORDEROF，注明被背书人）：托运人、收货人或进口方银行作为第一背书人将提单所有权转让给特定的其他人；,什么是提单的背书?提单的背书是仅对于指示提单ORDER B/L来说的，其它提单，像记名提单STRAIGHT B/L、不记
20、名提单BEARER B/L都不用背书。,无单放货随着航海技术和贸易的发展，专门从事运输的承运人出现，开始和贸易商人相分离；提单这种工具应运而生，并逐步完善成现在的单证交易，承运人在目的港只能向单证持有人放货，提单也是收货人向承运人提货的必不可少的凭证1。依照国际贸易惯例，承运人只能在收货人提交全套正本提单后交付货物；航运界一项基本原则是，承运人在交付货物之前如果没有收到任何第三方对将交付的货物声明物权的通知，他有权且也有义务将货物交付予向其出示正本提单者，如果此人即是托运人、收货人或被背书人的话2。这意味着：(1)正本提单持有人对提单项下货物有占有权，承运人必须将其承运的货物交给正本提单持有人
21、。(2)正本提单持有人才享有要求承运人交付货物的权利。(3)承运人必须仅在提交提单时才交付货物，否则要对不当交货之前或其后善意支付对价购买提单的任何人负责3。,无单放货然而在国际贸易实践中，由于航速提高、较短航次或提单转让过程延迟的情况下，货物一般先于提单抵达目的港，严格凭单放货可能导致压货、压船、压舱、压港，不仅不利于生产流通，还将造成严重经济损失，以及面临被强制拍卖或没收的危险，承运人往往被无正本提单的收货人说服或凭副本提单加担保交付货物。,无单放货无单放货大体上有如下几种情况：1.记名提单的收货人凭付本提单或提单复印件加担保提货；或不提供任何担保提取货物；2.指示提单的通知人凭付本提单或
22、提单复印件加担保提货；或仅凭付本提单提货；3.其它人凭付本提单或提单复印件加担保提货；4.提货人伪造或变造提单提货；广义的无单放货除包括以上的内容外应该还包括电报放货，即电放，承运人在装船港已经将全部正本提单收回，在卸货港将货物凭托运人的指示交给指定的收货人。,无单放货案例1993年7月29日，万宝集团广州菲达电器厂（以下简称菲达厂）与新加坡艺明灯饰公司（以下简称艺明公司）以传真的形式签订一份协议书：约定菲达厂向艺明公司出口一批灯饰，贸易术语为FOB黄埔；菲达厂发货后以传真的形式将提单发出，艺明公司须在三天内将货款全数汇出；菲达厂收到汇款通知副本，再将提单正本交付艺明公司；若有违法提货的行为，
23、视诈骗论。合同签订后，菲达厂委托中国长城工业广州公司（以下简称长城公司）和菲利广州工业有限公司（以下简称菲利公司）办理出口手续,无单放货案例1993年8月14日，长城公司以托运人的名义，将910箱照明灯具及变压器装上美国总统轮船公司（以下简称轮船公司）所属的“EAGLE WAVE V002”轮，轮船公司签发了一式3份的记名提单。1993年8月21日，菲利公司以托运人的名义，将783箱照明灯具装入轮船公司所属的“EAGLE COMET V112”轮，轮船公司签发了一式3份的记名提单。,无单放货案例根据提单的记载，收货人为艺明公司，装货港为广州黄埔，卸货港为新加坡，运费预付，提单项下的货物总价为9
24、8663148美元。货物运抵新加坡后，艺明公司未依协议付款，并且在未取得正本提单的情况下，先后于1993年9月16日、9月17日致函轮船公司，要求轮船公司将上述两票货物交给其指定的陆路承运人，并保证承担由此可能产生的任何后果。,无单放货案例随后，承运人将两票货物交付放行。菲达公司持有上述两票货物的全套正本提单，以轮船公司无单放货为由在广州海事法院提起诉讼。两套提单的首要条款均规定适用美国1936年海上货物运输法或海牙规则。此案1998年由最高人民法院提起再审程序，最后得以了结。问题：1.承运人向未持有正本提单的记名收货人交付货物，是否应承担无单放货的责任？.本案菲达厂未收回货款的损失应向谁索赔
25、？,无单放货案例点评.本案是国际海上运输合同无单放货纠纷，承运人将货物交付记名收货人的行为是合法的。因为记名提单是不可转让的运输单证，不具有物权凭证效力。根据美国法律规定，承运人有理由交货给托运人在记名提单上所指定的收货人，承运人向记名提单的记名人交付货物时，不负有要求提货人出示或提交记名提单的义务。本案承运人轮船公司根据记名提单约定将货物实际交给记名收货人艺明公司，或者按照艺明公司的要求将货物实际交给其指定的陆路承运人的交货行为符合美国法律，即为适当地履行了海上运输合同中交付货物的责任，并无过错。,无单放货案例点评.菲达厂在将提单传真发给艺明公司后，没有收到货款，说明艺明公司已经违约，菲达厂
26、应立即通知承运人停止向提单记名收货人交付货物，同时依买卖合同起诉买方艺明公司，其损失与轮船公司无关。,A shipping advice usually contains the following points:,the date and number of bill of lading(B/L,提单)the date and number of the contract the names of commodities and their quality and value the name of the carrying vessel the name of the shipping p
27、ort/loading port(装货港)the estimated time of departure(EDT，预定起航日期)the name of the destination port(目的港)the estimated time of arrival(ETA，预定到港日期)a list of the relevant shipping documents(货运单据)thanks for patronage,Introduction,In writing a letter concerning shipment,the following structure is still appl
28、icable:,Open the letter in a positive way.Especially when negative information is conveyed,great care should be taken.Explain the problem in great detail to try to persuade the reader into accepting the request or to make the reader fully aware of the request.Close the letter by expressing good wish
29、es to encourage the reader to cooperate.,New Words&Expressions,1.call ones attention to sth.提请注意，还可以用draw/invite ones attention to sth.Wed like to draw your attention to the fact that up to the present moment,we havent received your shipping instructions.我们想提请你方注意:直到现在，我们仍未收到你们的装运指示。I wish to invite
30、 your attention to stipulations of our sales contract.我想提醒贵方注意一下我们的售货合同。,New Words&Expressions,2.explicitly adv.明白地，明确地 It is explicitly stipulated in the contract that shipment must be effected by the end of this month.合同明确规定，本月月底之前必须完成装运。We have informed you explicitly that any further delay will
31、lead to our canceling our order.我们明确地告诉你们，如果你方再拖延，我们就取消订货。,New Words&Expressions,3.punctual adj.严守时刻的,准时的 As we all know,punctual delivery of the goods is the basis for our good business relationships.大家都知道，准时交货是我们之间良好业务关系的基础。If you can ensure punctual effectuation of this contract,we will consider
32、placing repeat orders.如果你们能按期履约的话，我们将考虑再次向你们订货。,New Words&Expressions,4.of special/vital/great importance=very important 非常重要 Time of shipment is of vital importance for this order.装运时间对于本单货物是极其重要的。Your cooperation under these circumstances is of great importance to our execution of the contract on
33、time.在这种情况下，你们的帮助对于我们能否按时履约是至关重要的。,New Words&Expressions,5.urgent adj.急迫的,紧急的Our customers are in urgent need of the contracted goods.我们的客户急需合同里订购的货物。The situation is so urgent that we have to ask for your assistance.情况如此紧迫，我们不得的要求你们给予协助。6.execute v.t.执行,实行,完成 execute the agreement 履行协议execute the s
34、hipment of the goods 完成货物装运,New Words&Expressions,7.stipulate v.规定,保证As is stipulated,you must provide us with goods of superior quality.按规定，你们必须向我们提供品质优良的货物。It is stipulated in the relative L/C that clean B/L shall be provided on taking delivery of the goods.相关信用证规定，在提货的时候必须提供清洁提单。,New Words&Expres
35、sions,pel v.t.强迫,迫使 We are compelled to ask you to advance shipment to April.我们不得不请求你们提前到4月份发货。We would not have cancelled the order if there had been no compelling reasons.若不是因为迫不得已的原因，我们是不会取消订货的。,New Words&Expressions,9.dispatch v.t.分派,派遣，发运，有时也用 despatch We confirm our cable of 8th and wish to in
36、form you that the goods have been dispatched by S.S.“ANDES MARU”.现确认我8日电，并通知你方货物已用“安第斯”轮发运。We will arrange for the goods to be dispatched by the first available steamer upon receipt of your L/C.我们一收到你方信用证，就安排用最早的货船发货。,New Words&Expressions,10.schedule v.计划，安排We have shipped the goods by s.s.“Sunligh
37、t”,which is scheduled to sail for your port on May 10.我们已将货物装上了“阳光”号货轮，该轮计划5月10日启程开往贵港。The goods are scheduled to be shipped by the first available steamer in July.货物计划用7月份最早可以订到的船只装运。,New Words&Expressions,11.fulfill v.t.履行，完成，实现 Failure to fulfill the agreement punctually will lead to our loss of
38、belief in your credibility.如果你们不能按时履约，我们将对你们的信誉失去信心。Please fulfill your responsibilities according to our contract.请按合同履行你们的义务。,New Words&Expressions,12.venture v.冒昧，斗胆We venture to ask you to extend the L/C.我们冒昧地要求你们延长信用证。We venture to ask for your approval of our shipping the goods by train.我们冒昧地请
39、求你们同意用火车装运货物。,New Words&Expressions,13.advance v.提前Since the selling season is approaching,we wish you could advance shipment to the end of this month.销售季节马上就要到了，所以我们希望你们能提前到本月底装运。Our customers are pressing us to advance the time of delivery to October.我们的客户催促我们将交货期提前到10月份。,New Words&Expressions,ply
40、 with 遵守，符合To comply with your request,we are enclosing our latest catalogue.按照你们的要求，我们随函附寄去了我们最新的目录。To comply with the sales agreement,we have opened a L/C in your favor.按照合同的要求，我们已经开具了以你方为受益人的信用证。,New Words&Expressions,15.hasten v.催促，加速 In order to ship the goods on time,we advise you to hasten pr
41、oduction.为了能够按时装运，我们建议你们加速生产。We will hasten effecting the shipment of the goods to ensure that you can catch the sales season.为了保证你们能够赶上销售季节，我们将会加速装运。,New Words&Expressions,16.inconvenience v.给带来麻烦，给带来不便We apologize that our delaying in delivering the goods has inconvenienced you.对于由于我们延迟交货给你们带来的不便，
42、我们深表歉意。We know that our request to advance shipment will greatly inconvenience you,but we have no choice.我们知道要求提前装运会给你们带来极大的不便，但是我们别无选择。,New Words&Expressions,17.to ones regret 令遗憾的是 Much to our regret,we havent received any information from you about the shipment of the goods.令我们感到非常遗憾的是，我们还没有收到你们任
43、何关于货物装运的消息。To their great regret,they are informed that though they are in urgent need of the goods,shipment cannot be advanced.令他们感到遗憾的是，尽管他们急需这批货物，但是装运期不可能提前。,New Words&Expressions,18.ensure v.保证We can ensure that the goods will comply with your customers requirement.我们可以保证货物一定能够满足你们客户的要求。We can e
44、nsure punctual shipment of the goods.我们保证一定按时发货。,New Words&Expressions,20.sail v.i.启航,开船 The steamer on which we have booked shipping space is scheduled to sail from Qingdao to Boston on August 8.我们订舱的货轮计划于8月8日从青岛开往波士顿。We have already had the goods shipped by s.s.“Fortune”,which is to sail for your
45、port at the end of this week.我们已经将货物装上了“幸运”号轮船，该轮将于本周末开往贵港。,New Words&Expressions,21.facilitate v.t.使容易,使便利 To facilitate your taking delivery of the goods,we are enclosing a full set of the shipping documents.为了便于你们提货，我们随函寄去了一整套货运单据。We are now writing to give you shipping instructions to facilitate
46、 your arrangement for the shipment of the goods.为了便于你们安排货物装运，我们现在写信给你们告诉你们装运指示。,New Words&Expressions,22.in duplicate 一式两份 in triplicate 一式三份in quadruplicate 一式四份 in quintuplicate 一式五份,II.Letter Analysis,Letter 1:Shopping adviceLetter 2:Urging the seller to make the shipmentLetter 3:Asking for parti
47、al shipment,III.Specimen Letters(1),Letter 1.Shipment Instruction Dear Sirs,We are in reipt of your telegram of 5th June,from which we understand that you have booked our order for 2,000 sets of IBM-99 computers and respective 300 pieces of color monitors,main boards and drivers.6月5日电悉，你方已接受我方订货，购买2
48、000台IBM-99型计算机以及彩色显示器、主板和驱动器各300件。,III.Specimen Letters(1),Since the purchase is made on CIF basis,you are to send the goods to Guangzhouu by the end of August.因此笔交易系按广州到岸价成交。你方必须在8月底将货运至广州。,III.Specimen Letters(1),As these goods are susceptible to shock,they must be packed in seaworthy cases capabl
49、e of withstanding rough handling.The bright metal parts should be protected from water and dampness in transit by a coating of slushing compound that will keep out dampness,but will not liquefy and run off under changing weather conditions.因这些计算机及部件容易振坏，必须用适于海运的木箱包装，能经受得起磕碰。明亮金属部件应涂上滑油，以防途中受潮，而且在气候多
50、变的情况下，这种滑油不致溶化流失。,III.Specimen Letters(1),We trust that the above instructions are clear to you and that the shipment will give the users entire satisfaction.相信你方对上述说明会完全明白的，希望用户能对交货完全满意。,III.Specimen Letters(2),Letter 2:A Letter for Urging the Seller to Make Shipment 敬启者Dear sirs：第2003-2号合同 Re:Cont
