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1、The City Mouse and the Country Mouse Once there were two mice.They were friends.One mouse lived in the country;the other mouse lived in the city.After many years the Country mouse saw the City mouse;he said,Do come and see me at my house in the country.So the City mouse went.The City mouse said,This
2、 food is not good,and your house is not good.Why do you live in a hole in the field?You should come and live in the city.You would live in a nice house made of stone.You would have nice food to eat.You must come and see me at my house in the city.The Country mouse went to the house of the City mouse
3、.It was a very good house.Nice food was set ready for them to eat.But just as they began to eat they heard a great noise.The City mouse cried,Run!Run!The cat is coming!They ran away quickly and hid.After some time they came out.When they came out,the Country mouse said,I do not like living in the ci
4、ty.I like living in my hole in the field.For it is nicer to be poor and happy than to be rich and afraid.,城里老鼠和乡下老鼠 从前，有两只老鼠，它们是好朋友。一只老鼠居住在乡村，另一只住在城里。很多年以后，乡下老鼠碰到城里老鼠，它说：“你一定要来我乡下的家看看。”于是，城里老鼠就去了。乡下老鼠领着它到了一块田地上它自己的家里。它把所有最精美食物都找出来给城里老鼠。城里老鼠说：“这东西不好吃，你的家也不好，你为什么住在田野的地洞里呢？你应该搬到城里去住，你能住上用石头造的漂亮房子，还会吃上美
5、味佳肴，你应该到我城里的家看看。”乡下老鼠就到城里老鼠的家去。房子十分漂亮，好吃的东西也为他们摆好了。可是正当他们要开始吃的时候，听见很大的一阵响声，城里的老鼠叫喊起来：“快跑！快跑！猫来了！”他们飞快地跑开躲藏起来。过了一会儿，他们出来了。当他们出来时，乡下老鼠说：“我不喜欢住在城里，我喜欢住在田野我的洞里。因为这样虽然贫穷但是快乐自在，比起虽然富有却要过着提心吊胆的生活来说，要好些。”,长句的翻译技巧Long Sentences in English-Chinese Translation,Two Stages including Seven Steps,Stage 1:Comprehen
6、sion 理解Stage 2:Presentation 表达,Stage 1:Comprehension,Step1：present the long sentence in a skeleton form扼要拟出全句的轮廓Step2:infer the main idea from the context and the whole text根据上下文和全句的内容领会其要旨,Step 3:distinguish between the principle and subordinate clauses辨清该长句的主从结构Step 4:find out the interrelations b
7、etween principle and subordinate clauses找出各句之间的从属关系,Stage 2 Presentation,Step 5：enter on a tentative translation of each sentence division将每个划开的单句逐一翻译Step 6:rearrangement and synthesis将译出的句子进行调整、组合Step 7:finishing touches对译文进行加工润色,Sample Analysis of Seven StepsPlastics is made from water which is a
8、natural resource in exhaustible and available everywhere,coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature.塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源，煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的，成本较低；石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石
9、得来的。,Step1：present the long sentence in a skeleton form扼要拟出全句的轮廓Plastics is made from water.coaland lime.,Step2:infer the main idea from the context and the whole text.根据上下文和全句的内容领会其要旨Water is a natural resource in exhaustible and available everywhere.coal can be mined through automatic and mechanic
10、al processes at less cost.lime can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature.,Step 3:distinguish between the principle and subordinate clauses辨清该长句的主从结构主句：plastic is made from water,coal and lime.从句：A.which is a natural resource in exhaustible and available everywhere.B.
11、which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost.C.which can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature.,Step 4:find out the interrelations between principle and subordinate clauses.找出各句之间的从属关系.which is a natural resource in exhaustible and avail
12、able everywhere-water which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost-coal which can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature-lime,Stage 5：enter on a tentative translation of each sentence division是将每个划开的单句逐一翻译 Plastics is made from water whic
13、h is a natural resource in exhaustible and available everywhere.塑料是由取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源的水制成的。,Plastic is made from coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost.塑料是自动化和机械化的方法开采的、且成本较低的煤制成的。,Plastic is made from lime which can be obtained from the calcination of limesto
14、ne widely present in nature.塑料是由是煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的石灰制成的。,Stage 6:rearrangement and synthesis.将译出的句子进行调整、组合塑料是由取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源的水制成的。塑料是由自动化和机械化的方法开采的、且成本较低的煤制成的。塑料是由是煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的石灰制成的。,Stage 7:finishing touches对译文进行加工润色。塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源，煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的，成本较低；石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来
15、的。,1)Statistician Dale Preston and his colleague John Cologne,both from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation in Hiroshima,examined how radiation affected the life expectancy of more than 120,000 people who survived the 1945 bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.(38 words)2)Supporters,which include
16、d Catholic and Mormon groups,republican leaders and some Hispanic organizations,took pains to avoid explicitly anti-gay rhetoric,saying instead that they were simply seeking to ensure the survival of the traditional family.(35 words)Horoshima:广岛；Nagasaki:长崎;Mormon:摩门；Hispanic:西班牙的,Exercise 1,Analyze
17、 the sentences with the previous 7 steps,1)skeleton form 2)main idea3)principle and subordinate clauses4)interrelations between prin.&sbd.Cl.5)division translation6)rearrangement&synthesis7)finishing touches,1)Statistician Dale Preston and his colleague John Cologne,both from the Radiation Effects R
18、esearch Foundation in Hiroshima,examined how radiation affected the life expectancy of more than 120,000 people who survived the 1945 bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.广岛辐射效果研究基金会的统计学家戴尔普雷斯顿及其同事约翰科洛尼，调查了1945年广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸120000多名幸存者，研究了当年辐射对其预期寿命的影响程度。,Reference,2)Supporters,which included Catholic an
19、d Mormon groups,republican leaders and some Hispanic organizations,took pains to avoid explicitly anti-gay rhetoric,saying instead that they were simply seeking to ensure the survival of the traditional family.支持者包括天主教和摩门团体，共和党领导人以及一些西班牙组织。他们竭力避免公开的反同性恋言论，只是说他们正在寻求途径，以确保传统家庭的存在。,Reference,Small Clas
20、s Size Boosts Test Scores Later,Smaller class sizes in early grades translated into students scoring higher on math tests in later grades in Tennessees experiment to see if smaller classes improved education,a study said on Friday.(32 words)Based on Tennessees 20-year experiment,which randomly place
21、d public school students in smaller classes(13-17 students)or larger classes(22-26 students)in the four years from kindergarten through third grade,the study compared subsequent test scores when the students reached ninth grade.(42 words),Analyze the sentences with the previous 7 steps,1)skeleton fo
22、rm 2)main idea3)principle and subordinate clauses4)interrelations between prin.&sbd.Cl.5)division translation6)rearrangement&synthesis7)finishing touches,Compare the following versionswith yours:,）研究人员在星期五说，关于缩小班级规模是否能提高教学质量，田纳西州做了一个实验，那就是小学低年级在小班上课的学生能够在小学高年级是否会得高分。）本周五发表的研究结果表明，在田纳西州进行的一项实验中，在低年级进
23、行小班教学能导致学生升入高年级后在数学测验中取得高分这一结果证明小班教学可以提高教学质量。,Analyze the sentence structure 低年级的小型班级能够使学生在高年级时获得数学测验的高分。田纳西州的一项旨在了解小型班级是否能够改进教育的实验得出如此结论。一项研究周五如是说。改译为：田纳西州进行了一项旨在了解小班教学是否能够改进教育的实验，实验得出结论：低年级的小班教学能够使学生在高年级获得数学测试的高分。一项研究周五如是说。,Analyze the sentence structure 在田纳西州年的实验过程中，公立学校的学生在从幼儿园到三年级的四年中被随机分配到规模大小
24、不同的班级中去学习，然后该研究以此为基础，比较了这些学生升入九年级后的学习成绩。田纳西州的这项实验跨时年，公立学校的学生在从幼儿园到三年级的四年中被随机分配到小班（-人）或大班（-人）中去学习，然后该研究以此为基础，比较了这些学生升入九年级后的学习成绩。,Methods of Long English Sentences Translation,1)内嵌法（embedding)主要用于翻译英语的定语结构（包括用作定语的短语和从句），偶尔也可用于翻译某些状语成分，其主要特点是将英语的修饰成分译为汉语句“的”结构。,Example 1 This is no class war,but a war
25、in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged,without distinction of race,creed,or a party.这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰、不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。,2）切分法cutting 此种方法为翻译英语长句的最常见的方法，将英语长句按意群切分为若干小句在逐句翻译，主要在关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折处划分意群。,Example：A small unit was set up in the ass
26、ociation to prepare for an international conference on the problems already mentioned,which is to take place in Rome,in September 1981.本协会曾成立一个小组以便筹备一次国际会议讨论上述各项问题，会议拟于1981年9月在罗马召开。（在定语从句前切分）,3）Reversing 倒置法，也叫逆序法，是指颠倒英语长句的语序，将句子成分的前部分放到译文的后部，或将后面部分放到译文前面，采用这种方法主要是让译文符合汉语的习惯表达法。,With a view to succe
27、ssfully maintaining a balanced system implemented by a basically even distribution of Federal resources,Federal financial aid is given only if a state has acceptable standards of administration.各州先要制定符合规章的管理标准，联邦政府才会拨给财政援助，这是为了使联邦政府的财政财源基本上得到平均分配，确保实施一种平衡的财政制度。,4）Splitting 拆分法。这种方法是指将原文中的某一部分（如单词、短语
28、或从句）提取出来单独处理，或放在译文句首，或放在译文句末，用于保持原文的语气。,A)Splitting a single word The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible-about one in four.大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信！,B）splitting phrases The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing,
29、which exhibited a superb performance in smash service（扣球）,twist service（传球）,steady service（保险球）,high drop（吊球）and killing（扣杀）and ended in a draw.外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。这场比赛在发扣球、传球、保险球、吊球和扣杀方面技术都十分精湛，最后打成平局。他们看得简直入迷了。,C）splitting clauses The land,which once barred the way of weary travelers,now has become a
30、 land for winter and summer vacations,a land of magic and wonder.这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光景物，蔚为奇观；而从前精疲力竭的旅游者只能到此止步。,5）Inserting 插入法：这种方法是指插入原文中所没有的标点符号，如破折号、括号、冒号等。用这种方法可保持原文的连贯性。,When I went to Yenan in summer of 1946,the Anti-Japanese War,and the Second World War of which it was a part,had been over
31、 for just a year.我在1946年夏天去延安的时候，抗日战争和第二次世界大战（抗日战争是第二次世界大战的组成部分）结束了刚刚一年。（inserting parentheses),6)Recasting 重组法:也叫综合法，这种方法是指译者在准确地领会、把握了原文的基础上，打破原文的结构，用自己的话恰如其分地表达出原文的信息、含义和精神风貌。这是长句翻译中最不容易掌握的一种翻译方法，需要译者具有高超的母语和外语驾驭能力。当以上介绍的所有翻译法都不能有效地处理英语长句翻译时，可考虑使用此法。,Dr.Smith resumed the activities of anti-cancer
32、 experiment begun in 1945 and financed by the Federal government as soon as he snapped from his original disappointment at repeated failures,which had resulted in its forced suspension.史密斯医生于1945年开始着手由联邦政府资助的抗癌实验。他由于屡遭失败而感到沮丧，被迫中止了实验工作。现在他又重新振作起来，恢复了抗癌实验工作。,If parents were prepared for this adolesce
33、nt reaction,and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment,they would not be so hurt,and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.,如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备,而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长,正在发展
34、珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们就不会感到如此伤心,所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。,1.A long standing reticence,perhaps born of national abhorrence of monarchies and kings,kept faces and portraits off United States coins as a regular practice until 1909,the centennial of Abraham Lincolns birth.,或许是出于国民长期以来对独裁和君主的憎恨，美国人一直不情愿
35、在钱币上刻印肖像和人物。这一惯例一直持续到1909年，即亚伯拉罕林肯诞辰100周年时，才被打破。,Attracting specialized,career-focused students is one reason Stanford University Medical Center overhauled its curriculum and required students to pick a concentration by the end of their first year.,斯坦福大学重新调整了课程体系，并要求学生在第一学年结束时选择专业方向，其目的之一便是为了吸引想要细化专业、确定职业的学生。,
