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1、选词填空Banked Cloze,Background Information,选词填空题是大学英语四级考试的新题型，考测综合能力，占整个考试分值不高。选词填空题的文章长度在220250词左右，要求从给出的15个词中选择10个填入合适的空中。,在设计时并非拿来一篇短文随便去掉几个词,首句不设空；一句话中不设两空；设空比较均匀，基本覆盖整个段落；设空不影响考生对文章大意的理解；选项所提供的词皆为实义词，包括：名词、动词、形容词、副词、分词等，它们与文章的上下文紧密联系；每个正确选项大都有干扰项，相互干扰的选项之间不是同义词或近义词，就是同词性的词。,设计者一般遵循以下原则:,完型填空和选词填空的
2、比较,选词填空特点：1.近义词辨析不多，2.固定搭配不多3.词性辨析比较容易4.题目设计的原则是首句不设空，一句话中不 设两空，设空比较均匀，基本覆盖全文.,选词填空难点：1.词性可能会变。2.错一题，可能会错两题。,特点和难点,第一句话完整，常为句子大意.15选10，常考名词、动词、副词、形容词、连词.关键是从语法角度确定选词处的词性，然后进行辨别。篇章选词=语法+词性,考点,2006.6 厄尔尼诺现象2006.12 女性融入职场推动经济发展2007.6 疼痛对人产生的影响2007.12“和平学校”缔造和平教育2008.6 接受挑战，相信自己可以创造奇迹2008.12 读书的意义2009.6
3、 其实写作并不难2009.12 父亲对孩子语言能力发展的影响比母亲要大,题材分析,选词填空要求,熟悉选项、通读全文、把握文章结构与大意的前提下，根据所提供的词汇及句子的结构、语法和语篇等信息，通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。,选词填空时间安排:四步,时间分配：7分钟=25 18（18 分钟留给Section B的两篇常规阅读，选词填空题要给出7分钟）firstly：Scan全文：1 M 1分钟(也可scan 第一段明确全文的主旨)secondly：标注词性 1m(not necessarily)thirdly：选词填空：4m fourthly：回顾检查 1m,选词填空时间安排:第一步,第
4、一步：Scan全文：快速扫描文章，预测缺省信息的词性，对个别题目作出预测(1分钟)主要关注文章中涉及的人物、事件、地方、原因以及结果。(Theme,key words,and key points)Scan 全文的时候，有些很明显的答案可以先选择。,选词填空时间安排:第二步,整理选项：标注词性，预先分组(1分钟)对于熟悉的单词的词性心中要有数，或简单标明。对于动词与名词同形的词，做个特殊记号。如&不熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词做个特殊标记,如!两种选择：一，标熟悉的单词，二，标出不熟悉的单词。,如何辨别所给词的词性？如何确定空格内所需词的词性？,选词填空时间安排:第三步,选词填空：(4分钟)首先
5、，根据空格的前后决定所填词的词性。其次，利用逻辑关系词确定答案。或利用context内容确定答案。,目前四级考试只考实词（notional words）中的四种：名词n、动词v、形容词adj、副词adv；（不考代词和数词；也不考虚词（冠词art,介词prep,连词conj,感叹词interj）,特点：四种实词中，考的最少的是副词adv,不超过两个空。剩下的三种平均每次有三道题。根据真题，动词一直是考三个。另外三种词性，有两个的，也有四个的。,3.动词归类要细分为v，v-ed,v-ing。因为一个空可以填动词，但填原形还是过去式还是-ing 形式要自己根据语法判断。,标注词性时注意的问题,1.不
6、认识的单词看词缀,2.认识的单词要注意词性的单一性和多样性比如：有的词display,concern,challenge做名词和做动词都很常见.这时两个都要标出来先标你脑子里第一个出现的词性。,此外,以-ing,-ed 结尾的词也可能是分词转变而来的形容词，如holding 做动词：Shes holding her mothers hand.做形容词：holding company(控股公司)；再如acquired做动词：academic skills he acquired.做形容词：a newly acquired jacket(新买的夹克)。,如何辨别词性？,动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词
7、。非谓语动词包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。过去分词有两种可能性(规则动词与不规则动词),无法确定时标问号？不认识的词看词缀affixes。构词法中,前缀(prefix)大多区分词义,后缀(suffix)区分词性。所以看词尾往往能大致分出词性。例外：如en-able=enable,词义前缀,Negative prefixes:A-asexual,asymmetry,anarchyDis-dishonest,disorderIn-(im,il):Un-unfriendly,unexpectedDe-decentralize,deforest,Pejorative prefixes:
8、Mal(badly),malnutritionMis(wrongly),mislead,misunderstandPseudo(false,imitating),pseudonym,Prefixes of degree or size:Co(joint):coexistence,colleague,Hyper(extreme):hypersensitive,Mini:minibike,Out(surpassing):outnumberOver-,sub-,super-,Bi-,tri-,Prefixes of orientation or attitudeAnti-Contra-(opposi
9、te):contradictionPro-Prefixes of time and orderEx-,re-Fore-foresee,foreshadow,词性后缀 root+=?,以-ion,-age,-ness,-ity,-ship,-ace,-ance,-ancy,-ence,-ency,-dom,-itude,-um或-mony 结尾的大都是名词；以-ize,-ise,-fy结尾的大都是动词；以-ive,-ent,-ant,-ful,-ous,-able,-ary,-ic,-cal或-less结尾的是大都是形容词；以-ly,-ways或-wise 结尾的大都是副词,-ed 形式的词（过
10、去分词）在句中既可以做谓语动词（过去时）或谓语动词的一部分（完成时），又可以做形容词。要仔细区分。-ing(现在分词)在句中既可以做进行时中的谓语动词的一部分，又可做形容词，还可以做名词，要仔细辨别context 的需求。,如何确定空格内单词的词性？,1.确定空格为名词(1)空格前面为冠词、形容词或者及物动词的，空格处应填入名词;a/an/the+_;vt+_.(2)空格后面是动词的，空格处应填入该动词的主语(名词);_+谓语动词(3)空格前面是介词的，空格充当介词宾语，应填入名词或动名词。,2.确定空格为动词(1)空格前面已经有名词/代词作主语，后面又有名词/代词作为动词的主语，空格处应为及
11、物动词;主语n/pron+谓语vt+宾语 n/pron(2)空格前面是名词/代词，后面没 有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词;n/pron+谓语动词vi(3)空格前面是名词/代词，后面是副词/介词，空格处应填入不及物动词，与副词/介词构成固定搭配;n/pron+谓语动词+adv/prep(4)空格前面是名词/代词，后面是形容词，空格处应填入系动词或be动词;n/pron+link v+adj(5)空格前面有不定式标志to，空格处应填入动词原形;若to是介词，应填入动名词。(1）-（4）为句中所需的谓语动词，有时态、语态和人称的变化，（5）为非谓语动词,3.确定空格为形容词:修饰名词或表示状态(1)空
12、格后面为名词，空格处应填入形容词;_+N.(充当宾语或主语)(2)空格前面是副词，空格处应填入形容词;adv+_（充当表语或定语）(3)空格前面是系动词，空格处应填入形容词作表语.Be,become,fall ill,keep silent,look/seem tired,grow old,4.确定空格为副词:修饰动作或状态的词(1)空格前面为动词，空格处应填入副词;(2)空格后面是形容词，空格处应填入副词。,Context 中的逻辑关系？,常见的逻辑关系词如下：(1)并列关系：and,or,as well as 等(2)对比或转折关系：but,however,on the contrary,
13、rather than,though 等(3)比较关系：as.as,like,similarly等(4)因果关系：because,for,since,as a result of,therefore,thus 等(5)举例关系：for example,for instance,such as,and so on 等(6)递进关系：whats more,moreover,in addition 等,确定词性(名词)实例,前为冠词：Passage 1,blank 1.(P1B1)This is,however,a _.P4B3:we keep putting off a _ that we are
14、 force to take up.P3 B4:as they grow older,the _gradually diminishes.前为形容词：P1B8:It may have been a sharp_ of the pupils technical abilities in writing.,misunderstanding,task,amount,criticism,充当主语（前面同时又是冠词）P3 B10:The _ for human beings is probably about a week.介词宾语：P4B10:In such a _,I work as hard as
15、 I can.（前面同时又是冠词）P2 B 10:you go by the other persons _.P3 B 2:annoyance and problems are seen in a better _.（前面同时又是冠词）*复数代表一类人P3B3 谓语动词为sleep,主语需要第三人称复数形式或与之相应的名字形式。选项：,Limit,situation,demand,perspective,infants,确定谓语动词实例,P3B6:Napolean,Toamas Edison and Charles Darwin apparently _ only four to six ho
16、urs a night.（分析：时态过去时。唯一选择：averaged.这一句缺少谓语）P2 B5 They _”assertiveness training”courses.(有名词/代词作主语，后面又有名词，此处缺少一个谓语动词，第三称的复数形式。跟course搭配。),offer,在Passages中找更多的例子,P1B5 encourageP1B9 had failed(谓语动词的一部分，完成时)P3B1 disapearsP4B5 We 和it之间缺少一个动词，postpone.P5B5 share P5 B6 interviewedP5B10 might be involved.（
17、被动语态）(谓语动词在我们的5个passages的选项中，几乎占1/5),确定非谓语动词实例,P2B9:you start to _ your own good sense.P2 B7:In one way,learning to speak out is to _ fear.,doubt,overcome,More examples of infinitives,你能在5 passages 中找出更多的需要非谓语动词（不定式）中需要动词的句子吗？P1 B6 expressP2B4 help people _ themselves.P4B2 compoundP4B8 prevent不定代词在所
18、给的5篇50个选项中比例超过1/10.,确定选项为形容词实例(系动词),P1B7 This work is _.(terrible)P2B6 They learn to be more _ without hurting other people.(active)P4B4 Either because it is too _ or it is too difficult.(tedious)P4B9 Here we are not _ to get started but(reluctant),确定选项为副词 1,修饰动作的词P2B1 Have you ever been afread to t
19、alk back when you were treated _.选项E F 均为副词，要找一个修饰treated.,unfairly,确定选项为副词2,修饰形容词P1B3 There are,however,_ different ideas about how to teach it,or how much 分析：此句不缺少任何主要的句子成分（主谓宾），只缺少一个修饰different adj的词,表示different的程度之广。“Vastly“为正确选择。另一个副词干扰选项为”specifically”.More example:P4 B 6,The flood of women in
20、to the job market boosted economic growth and changed U.S.society in many ways.Many in-home jobs that used to be done_47_ by women-ranging from family shopping to preparing meals to do ing _48_ work-still need to be done by someone.Husbands and children now do some of these jobs,a _49_ that has chan
21、ged the target market for many products.Or a working woman may face a crushing“poverty of time“and look for help elsewhere,creating opportunities for producers of frozen meals,child care centers,dry cleaners,financial services,and the like.Although there is still a big wage _50_ between men and wome
22、n,the income working women _51_ gives them new independence and buying power.For example,women now _52_ about half of all cars.Not long ago,many cars dealers _53_ women shoppers by ignoring them or suggesting that they come back with their husbands.Now car companies have realized that women are _54_
23、 customers.Its interesting that some leading Japanese car dealers were the first to _55_ pay attention to women customers.In Japan,fewer women have jobs or buy cars-the Japanese society is still very much maleoriented.Perhaps it was the _56_ contrast with Japanese society that prompted American firm
24、s to pay more attention to women buyers.,解题须知,所谓语感，就是对语言的感觉，它是在平时学习和阅读中形成的一种潜在的语言能力。有时候是你无法解释理由，但你的选项是正确的。,固定搭配：在选词填空中，约定俗成的固定搭配不是很多，诸如，我们所说的idoms等。但是，对固定搭配的另外一种理解是这种搭配很常见，比如：汉语说“学知识”，而英语不说“learn knowledge”,而是“acquire knowledge”;还有，要描述 rain 很大，我们用heavy修饰；当我们说heavy traffic是表示交通拥堵。此外，非常重要的一点是注意小品词，即我们
25、通常所说的to,in,on,at,from等等,因为在某种程度上，它们能给我们关于选择项的提示。如：my for her moved her.(attitude;love),the income gives them new independence and buying power.For example,women now _ about half of all cars.正向并列：buying 同义词暗示 purchase.,对复杂句的结构分析能帮助我们对句子的成分更加清晰，能清楚地确定空格处所需填入词汇的词性，甚至可能的意思。,上下文逻辑关系也对选项产生影响。大家需要关注形式上的逻辑关
26、系和意义上逻辑关系。所谓形式上的逻辑关系就是我们通常讲的因果，让步，递进等；而意义上的逻辑关系就是以语篇表达的意思为线索，前后文中，意义上存在那些关系。比如说，描述一个人的心情的变化，心情好时，应该使用的是积极词汇，而心情不好时则使用消极词汇。当然，形式和意思之间存在紧密联系，不能割裂开来。,逻辑联系：并列关系,P3B1 During sleep,the fatigue of the body _ and recuperation begins.选项：由and 连接的并列句。需要动词，与主语fatigue一致，所以选单三形式的现在时：全篇只有一个这样的词，无干扰项。答案：disappears.
27、,对比或转折关系,P1 B1 There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.This is,however,a _.作者的写作方法是先立（popular belief）后破(however)。作者用了however表示转折,证明popular belief is wrong belief.表示wrong belief 的词 一要名词，而要词义相符。所以选择答案为：misunderstanding.,P4 B 7 The remedy is obvious,tho
28、ugh perhaps not _ to apply.选项应为：1 形容词，2，词义与obvious形成转折，明显的，但是不见得是轻易接受的。答案：Easy.,并列+因果,P5 B 8Others hoped that by helping someone now,they would deserve care when they bacame old and _.Analyze:1 需要一个与old并列的形容词。2 需要帮助，不仅仅因为是old,还因为他/她生活无法自理。从词性和词义上，选 F dependent.,如何利用context 内容来确定选项,Context中的名词、代词等词，有
29、前指或后指的功能，也有彼此解释的功能。E.g 1:P2 B 8 But AT uses an even stronger _-the need to share.Analyze:“the need to share”是对an even stronger 的内容的解释，证明这个even stronger 的内容也是一种need,想要分享的感觉是一种 motive.愿望，动机。,E.g 2:P3 B 10 这个选项需要从整段的context中去推测。Investigators have tried to find out how long a person can go without sleep
30、.Several people have reached more than 115 hours,nearly five days,whereas animals kept awake from five to eight days have died of exhaustion.The _ for human beings is probably about a week.分析：研究者试图发现人可以不眠的how long.发现动物5-8天就到达了死亡：不眠的极限。所以这里所缺的选项是表示人如果一周不眠则到达极限：limit.,Similarly,分析词性、句中的逻辑关系以及context不仅
31、在选词填空中非常重要，此类解析方法也可延伸至close test.在阅读理解和听力理解中也可以帮助我们predict what we are going to hear.因此：banked cloze 是一道学生英语综合能力的考查题。,limiteddetermining,1)Indeed,pain is now considered the fifth vital sign,as important as blood pressure,temperature,breathing rate and pulse in _49_ a persons well-being.2)Decades ago
32、,there were only a _55_ number of drugs available,(specialize)(complain)(bring),1.In particular,when older patients _ of pain，they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it.2.The rainfall is increased across South America，_ floods to Peru.3.Thats why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who _ in pain medicine、,
