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1、,学程考研课堂,聚焦考研英语（二）阅读 2014年4月19日,讲授内容,英语（一）和英语（二）的简介英语（二）阅读题目介绍阅读理解策略及实践,讲授内容,英语（一）和英语（二）的简介英语（二）阅读题目介绍阅读理解策略及实践,学术型研究生（学术硕士）英语（一）专业学位研究生（专业硕士）英语（二）,考研英语试题结构,英语（一）和英语（二）的区别：,1.语法：英语（一）要求考生熟练运用基本的语法知识，长难句的理解和拆分；英语（二）列出了八个基本的语法知识点，难度小于英语一。2.词汇：词汇表、词汇量是完全一样的。英语（一）是考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关词组。除基本含义外，还有词义关系、词汇搭配
2、、词汇生成知识等。而英语（二）考生能够掌握5500左右常用的英语词汇及相关的常用词组。,八大基本语法,名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法动词时态、语态的构成及其用法形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及用法常用连接词的词义及其用法非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法虚拟语气的构成及其用法各类从句及强调句型的结构及其用法倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法,讲授内容,英语（一）和英语（二）的简介英语（二）阅读题目介绍阅读理解策略及实践,二、英语（二）阅读题目介绍,考研阅读！,阅读40分，2014年考研平均分为18分！,阅读难：1.生词多，熟词僻义2.句式复杂3.四个选项的干扰性很强4.文章选材非
3、常新，与时俱进，中西合璧,阅读40分，2013年考研平均分为18分！,阅读难：1.生词多，熟词僻义2.句式复杂3.四个选项的干扰性很强4.文章选材非常新，与时俱进，中西合璧,2010年真题,This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations,they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.,This group ge
4、nerally do well in IQ test scoring 12-15 points above the _ value of 100.A.normal B.common C.mean D.total,C,阅读40分，2013年考研平均分为18分！,阅读难：1.生词多，熟词僻义2.句式复杂3.四个选项的干扰性很强4.文章选材非常新，与时俱进，中西合璧,2010年 Text 3,If you look hard enough,youll find that many of the products we use every daychewing gums,skin moisturize
5、rs,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners,vitaminsare results of manufactured habits.,阅读40分，2013年考研平均分为18分！,阅读难：1.生词多，熟词僻义2.句式复杂3.四个选项的干扰性很强4.文章选材非常新，与时俱进，中西合璧,2010年38题,This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home,a
6、nd it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.38.Even in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_.,2010年38题,38.Even in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because _.A.they were automatically banned by state lawsB.they fell far short
7、 of the required qualificationsC.they were supposed to perform domestic dutiesD.they tended to evade public engagement,C,阅读40分，2013年考研平均分为18分！,阅读难：1.生词多，熟词僻义2.句式复杂3.四个选项的干扰性很强4.文章选材非常新，与时俱进，中西合璧,2012年 Text 4,The great recession may be over,but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.Befor
8、e it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults And ultimately,it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture,and the character of our society for years.,2013年考研英语真题（二）文章来源,阅读理解复习重点：,稳定的规律的出题思路#考研真题来源稳定：Newsweek,The New York Times,The Economist,Harvard
9、 Business Review,Readers Digest,etc.#写作风格相对稳定，词汇有很强的重复率。真题词汇重复率达到81%。#与时俱进的新颖文章。经济，社会，教育，传媒等等题材在多个年份被反复考到，选文多数涉及到美国社会。,阅读提高三步走：,攻克词汇搞定长难句理清解题思路,阅读理解分为阅读和理解，阅读关键在于词汇，语法，长难句；理解在于理解题干，信息句以及选项。,阅读提高三步走：,攻克词汇搞定长难句理清解题思路,考研英语常见九大前缀：,1.共：co-(还有com/con/cor/col 的版本)collabrate,cooperation,compose,connect,coll
10、ect2.分：dis-（常指一分为多）,se-（常指一分为二）；display,separate,考研英语常见九大前缀：,3.前：pre-（在之前）,pro-（向前）；preface,progress4.上：sur-（超，过）;surpass,survive5.下：su-,sub-（常指往.下）,de-（常指在.下）;subway,descendant,考研英语常见九大前缀：,6.不：a-,ab-,un-,dis-,im-(还有in/il/ir 的版本);abound,abnormal,unhappy,dislike,impossible,illegal,irregular7.内：ac-（可表
11、示对动作的加强，也可指往.里）,in-（常指在.里，也有im/il 的版本）;accelerate,insidious,import,考研英语常见九大前缀：,8.外：ex-,exit,export9.反：op-（相对的）oppose,opponent,A suspected Peng Liyuan bodyguard appears,suspect,v.疑有；怀疑，不信任；猜想n.嫌疑犯；可疑分子 su下 subway spect 看 spectacle,Inspect&expect,inspectinspector inspectionexpectexpectation 期待 Expecta
12、tion is better than realization.,aspect,One had better see life in its various aspects when young.一个人最好在年轻时就能看到生活的各个方面。,Circumspect 谨慎小心的,Circle circular circulation(of blood)Circumstances(under/in)He is circumspect and farseeing and seldom fails.他做事老谋深算,很少失误。,Prospect,pro and con I think the main t
13、hing you have to do is weigh the pros and cons.(利弊)progressI was excited at the prospect of going abroad.,spectate,spectator,Spectate 出席观看Spectator 观众，目击者，旁观者The game drew thousands of spectators.,Spectrumspectaclespectacular,Spectrum 光谱Spectacle 眼镜(spectacle s)；壮观的景象Spectacular adj.壮观的，壮丽的,Speculat
14、e v.猜测，推断,He began to speculate about the future.Every induction is a speculation.所有归纳推理都是一种猜测。,Perspective 观点；远景,I tried to keep my perspective throughout the crisis.,阅读提高三步走：攻克词汇搞定长难句理清解题思路,正常语序,非正常语序,还原,简单句,非简单句,拆分,五大句型,四大成分,并列,倒装,强调,部分倒装,完全倒装,句子,插入语,定语,状语,同位语,嵌套,五大基本句型,I do.I love you.You make m
15、e happy.I will give you a ring.You are my angel.,五大基本句型,I do.主语+谓语I love you.主语+谓语+宾语You make me happy.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补I will give you a ring.主语+谓语+双宾语You are my angel.主语+谓语+表语,长难句考点总结,定语从句名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）比较级结构独立主格结构状语从句非谓语动词,2010年Text 3,“There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty
16、 hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits,”said Dr.Curtis,the director of the Hygiene at the London School of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine.,2012年Text 4,The research of Till Von Wachter,the economist in Columbia University,suggests th
17、at not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed:those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times.,2012年Text 3,A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision，ruling that
18、Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a womans risk of breast cancer.,2012年Text 3,It was not until the mid-1980s,when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant childrens marketing strategy,that pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem inherent
19、ly attractive to girls,part of what defined them as female,at least for the first few critical years.,2011年Text 1,But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of history sho
20、ws they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.,2011年Text 4（名词、代词）,Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing,spending and competitiveness,backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.,2012年Text 2（名词、代词）,Girls attraction to pink may se
21、em unavoidable,somehow encoded in their DNA,but according to Jo Paoletti,an associate professor of American Studies,it is not.,2012年Text 1（动词）,Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents,but in recent years it has been particularly scorned.,2010年Text 1（动词）,The curren
22、t downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989,a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War.,2011年Text 2（形容词、副词比较级）,Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with a healthier mix of rev
23、enues from readers and advertisers.,2011年Text 3（形容词、副词比较级）,The trend toward“less”was not entirely foreign.In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient housesusually around 1,200 square feetthan the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th
24、 century.,2012年Text 2（连接词）,It is not that pink is intrinsically bad,but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and,though it may celebrate girlhood in one way,it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls identity to appearance.,2010年Text 4（连接词）,Even then several states automatically exempted women from
25、 jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.,2011年Text 3（非谓语）,We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G.I.Bill and lining u
26、p at the marriage bureaus.,2010年Text 2（非谓语）,In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face,while a woman glares at the back of it,wanting to talk.,2011年Part B（虚拟语气）,If
27、 we were really bold,we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettesby setting strict limits on advertising,product placement and sponsorship of sports events.,2012年Text 3（从句）,In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case，arguing that an i
28、solated DNA molecule“is no less a product of nature.than are cotton fibers that have been separated from cotton seeds.,2010年Text 2（从句）,Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewedbut only a few of the mengave lack of communication
29、as the reason for their divorces.,2011年Text 4（从句）,Markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies,weaker or stronger,will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency,which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix（困境）of devaluation.,2011年Text 3（插入语）,The apartments i
30、n the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore Drive,for example,were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feetthan those in their older neighbors along the citys Gold Coast.,阅读提高三步走：攻克词汇搞定长难句理清解题思路,讲授内容,英语（一）和英语（二）的简介英语（二）阅读题目介绍阅读理解策略及实践,英语二阅读理解五大原则,1.中心统一原则 文章以及段落都是由主题句和细节句构成的。主题句指
31、明段落及文章的方向，细节句则是支撑主题的具体事例，引语，统计，比喻或者实验。,英语二阅读理解五大原则,2.主题句，细节句原则 阅读理解文章可以将句子分成两类：主题句、细节句。主题句如果出现在段落中间，必须在转折意义的 but,however,surprisingly,virtually,indeed,yet 或 now的后面，否则段首或段尾的语言完整，形式简洁，观点明确的句子即为主题句。,英语二阅读理解五大原则,3.方位论原则阅读理解采用IRT（Item Response Theory）命题理论 即文章中符合考研大纲的句子作为命题的切入点及出题的要点。IRT命题理论规定，阅读理解的每一道题在文
32、章中对应的是相关信息句，不是段落，更不是篇章。文章的中心思想，作者的观点态度，以及作者的言外之意这三种题型的指向为文章中或者段落中的主题句；而文章中的具体细节和文章中的词汇含义则指向文章中的细节句。,英语二阅读理解五大原则,4.动作决定论原则 英语语言学规定，句子的主语代表主体，限定范围（2011年23）；句子的谓语动词和宾语(即动作)表示内容（29）；句子的形容词或副词代表性质，表示态度（25）。,英语二阅读理解五大原则,5.四步法原则 阅读理解考察的范围包括：文章的中心思想，文章的具体细节，文章的词汇含义，作者的观点态度，以及作者的言外之意等五种类型。具体解题步骤如下：第一自然段必须明确确
33、定主题句；其它段落如果不能准确确定主题句，便可以利用段落首句作为方向性主题句。利用题干提问的内容，在对应内容的段落中粗略定位。根据题型考察的方向，利用恰当的逻辑关系词准确确定相关信息句。利用相关信息句的主体动作与选项动作比较，通过排除剩下唯一正确答案。,英语二阅读理解五大题型,阅读理解考察的范围包括：文章的中心思想，文章的具体细节，文章的词汇含义，作者的观点态度，以及作者的言外之意等五种类型。根据研究生入学考试新大纲，考研阅读理解在考察内容上大致可以分为五种基本类型的试题：1)主旨题；2)细节题；3)识词题；4)推断题；5)结构题。,主旨题 15%,在题干中一般会有 title,entitle
34、,topic,idea,mainly+passage,purpose,tone,attitude 等标志词。解题要点利用四步法中第一步所确定的段落主题句及方向主题句，判断并确定文章的主旨或作者的态度和语调；利用每个段落主题句的共性准确确定文章主题词，进而确定文章主旨题正确答案。,细节题 50%,根据文章中具体细节信息做出提问的题目。题干一般围绕5Ws和1H而展开。即，who,what,when,where,why,和 how。解题要点 利用四步法中第一、第二两个步骤，将题干在对应段落中粗略定位后，利用IRT命题理论中的细节题逻辑关系词(题干中的重要意义，总结意义或题干的主语)准确在段落中定位并
35、确定相关信息句，便可以准确进行判断并确定细节题的正确答案。,结构题 15%,根据文章具体的事例推测该事例所证明的段落主题。题干中一般会出现具体事例，同时出现show,explain,prove,illustrate,demonstrate,justify 等标志词。解题要点 将题干中的具体事例回归原文对应段落所在的句子，验证前、后相邻的句子是否为语言完整、形式间接、观点明确的主题句，并利用已经验证的主题句与选项比较做出准确判断。如果上下文相邻的句子不是主题句，那么，前或后相邻段落的主题句便是相关信息句。,识词题 15%,根据文章中的生词、短语或短句做出提问并判断其含义的问题。题干中一般会用引号
36、引出需要识别的词汇、短语或句子，同时会有用括号指示方位的数字提示。解题要点 将需识别的词汇、短语或句子回归对应段落所在的句子，准确确定相关信息句；如果没有标志性的逻辑关系词，便向前遵循就近原则、主谓一致、顺藤摸瓜的十二字原则做出判断。,推断题 5%,根据文章中的具体细节、句子信息、或段落信息做出提问并且推断作者言外之意的问题。解题要点 将题目回归对应的段落，利用IRT命题理论中的推断题逻辑关系词准确确定相关信息句，或者利用对应段落中的主题句便可以准确进行判断。,2011年21题,But by the end of 2009 Ms.Simmons was under fire for havin
37、g sat on Goldmans compensation committee;how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?,2011年21题,21.According to Paragraph 1,Ms.Simmons was criticized for.A gaining excessive profits B failing to fulfill her duty C refusing to make compromises D leaving the board in tough times
38、,2010年21题,The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst,“Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sothebys in London on September 15th 2008.All but two pieces sold,fetching more than 70m,a record for a sale by a single artist.It
39、was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.,2010年21题,In the first paragraph,Damien Hirsts sale was referred to as“a last victory”because _.A.the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB.the a
40、uctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC.Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD.it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis,与题意相反，不符合题干要求,All but two pieces sold,拍卖会的名字,针对题型的具体策略,具体信息题推理判断题作者意图题生词推测题文章主旨题,2010年28题（具体信息 detail）,Given the curre
41、nt divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.,2010年28题,All of the following are true EXCEPT_A.men tend to talk more in public than womenB.nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conv
42、ersationC.women attach much importance to communication between couplesD.a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse,2010年38题,This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home,and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.,2010年38题,38.Even in th
43、e 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_A they were automatically banned by state lawsB they fell far short of the required qualificationsC they were supposed to perform domestic dutiesD they tended to evade public engagement,同义转述,针对题型的具体策略,具体信息题推理判断题作者意图题生词推测题文章主旨题,切忌脱离原文，
44、主观臆断,2010年31题,“There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits,”Dr.Curtis said.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”,2010
45、年31题,31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap_.A should be further cultivated B should be changed graduallyC are deeply rooted in history D are basically private concerns,针对题型的具体策略,具体信息题推理判断题作者意图题生词推测题文章主旨题,支持或赞同；中立或客观；怀疑或反对critical,approval,opposed,impartial,unbiased,2010年35题,35
46、.The authors attitude toward the influence of advertisement on peoples habits is_A indifferent B negative C positive D biased,Shrewd,relentless,2011年40题,It is too soon to write off the EU.It remains the worlds largest trading block.At its best,the European project is remarkably liberal:built around
47、a single market of 27 rich and poor countries,its internal borders are far more open to goods,capital and labour than any comparable trading area.It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization,and make capitalism benign.,2011年40题,40.Regarding the future of the EU,the author
48、seems to feel _.ApessimisticBdesperateCconceitedDhopeful,针对题型的具体策略,具体信息题推理判断题作者意图题生词推测题文章主旨题,考察超纲词汇，熟词僻义重点分析上下句，根据词缀词根确定生词含义,2010年27题,This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations,they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wrea
49、king havoc with marriage.,27.Judging from the context,the phrase“wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means _.A.generating motivation.B.exerting influence C.causing damage D.creating pressure,针对题型的具体策略,具体信息题推理判断题作者意图题生词推测题文章主旨题,主要内容，最佳标题重点把握每段的主题句，综合总结,2010年40题,But as recently as in 1986,jury
50、 selection procedures conflicted with these democratic idealsThe system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th centuryIn 1968,the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.,2010年40题,40
