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1、exercises,Surgical procedures are commonly grouped in one of threeways.1.purpose.Surgical procedures may be categorized according to their purpose.First,diagnostic confirms or establishes a diagnosis.Second.Palliative relieves or reduces pain or symptoms of a disease;does not cure.Third.Ablative rem
2、oves a diseased body part.Fourth.Reconstructive restores function or appearance that has been lost or reduced.Fifth.Transplant replaces malfunctioning structures.2.Degree of urgency.Surgery is classified by its urgency and necessity to preserve the clients life,body part,or body function.Emergency s
3、urgery is performed immediately to preserve function or the life of the client.Elective surgery is performed when a condition is not immediately life threatening or to improve the clients life.3.Degree of risk.Surgery is also classified as major or minor according to the degree of risk to the client
4、.Major surgery involves a high degree of risk.In contrast,minor surgery normally involves little risk,produces few complications,and is often performed on an outpatient basis as“day surgery.”The degree of risk involved in a surgical procedures affected by the clients age,general health,nutritional s
5、tatus,use of medications,and mental status.,手术过程一般按下面三个方面之一进行分类：一、目的。根据手术目的的不同，手术过程分为：1、确定或证实诊断；2、缓解、减轻疾病所引起的疼痛或症状，并非治愈；3、祛除病变部位；4、重新恢复已经失去或减少了的功能或外形；5、移植有缺陷的器官。二、急症程度。手术要根据急症程度和必要性来进行分类，以此来保护患者的生命、机体和机体功能。急症手术是为了迅速保护患者的机体功能或生命而进行的；当病情不会马上威胁患者生命的时候或者是为了改善患者的生命质量的时候，就可以进行择期手术。三、危险程度。根据手术对患者的危险程度，手术可划
6、分为大手术和小手术。大手术会对患者生命造成严重的危险，相反，小手术一般没有危险、不会产生并发症，经常在门诊部就可进行，所以被称为“日间手术”。患者的年龄、整体健康状况、营养状况、药物的使用和精神状况都会影响手术过程的危险程度。,A medication is a substance administered for the diagnosis,cure,treatment,relief,or prevention of disease.In the health care context,the words medication and drug are used interchangeabl
7、y.In the United States and Canada,medications are usually dispensed by the order of physicians and dentists.The written direction for the preparation and administration of a drug is called a prescription.A drug may have four different names:First,the generic(family)name,given before a drug becomes o
8、fficial.Second,the official name,the name under which it is listed in one of the official publications(e.g.the United States Pharmacopoeia).Third,the chemical name,which describes the drug constituents precisely.Fourth,the trademark,or brand name,the name given by the drug manufacturer.Because a dru
9、g may be manufactured by several companies,it can have several trade names.Medications are often available in a variety of forms,such as solution,capsule,cream,paste,pill,powder,syrup,tablet,and so on.,药物是用于疾病的诊断、治疗、缓解症状或预防的物质。在医学文献里，medication 和drug这两个词可以交替使用。美国和加拿大，药物通常是根据医嘱来配发的。药物配制和使用的书面指导叫做处方。药
10、物有四种不同的命名：一是属名，用于药物在药典许可之前的命名。二是法定名，即罗列在官方出版物（如：美国药典）里的命名。三是化学结构名，准确描述药品的化学成分。四是商品名，或者叫商标名，是由药品生产厂家给的名。由于某种药物可能由几个厂家生产，所以这种药品就会有几个商品名。药品通常有不同的剂型，例如：溶液、胶囊剂、乳膏、糊剂、丸剂、散剂、糖浆剂、片剂，等等。,Words used in hospital:ReceptionCounterRegistrationMedical cardMedical insuranceMedical recordInitial visitNationalityMari
11、tal status,导医台收费处挂号医疗卡医疗保险医疗记录初诊国籍婚姻状况,单身single,已婚married,分居separated,离婚divorced,10.Cloakroom11.Outpatient department12.Inpatient department13.Emergency14.Pharmacy15.CT Scan16.MRI Scan17.ECGElectrocardiograph18.Anesthesiology19.Bacteriology,10.衣帽间11.门诊部12.住院部13.急诊部14.药房15.CT室16.磁共振成像室17.心电图室18.麻醉室19
12、.细菌室,MRI:Magnetic Resonance ImagingCT:computed tomography,CardiologyDermatologyEar,Nose&Throat ClinicEndocrinologyGastro-enterologistHematologyInternal MedicineNeurologyObstetric-gynecologyOncologyOphthalmologyOrthopedicsPathologyPediatricsPhysiotherapyPulmonaryPsychiatry,1.心脏科2.皮肤科3.耳鼻喉科4.内分泌科5.胃肠科
13、6.血液科7.内科8.神经科9.妇产科10.肿瘤科11.眼科12.整形外科13.病理科14.儿科15.理疗科,16.呼吸科17.精神科,Radiology(X-ray)RheumatologyStomatology(Dental)SurgeryThoracicToxicologyUltrasound(Ultrascan)UrologyVascularInfectious Department,放射科风湿科口腔科外科胸外科毒物科超声科泌尿科血管外科 传染病科,AnesthesiologistDermatologistHepatologistOphthalmologistPharmacologis
14、tPulmonologistToxicologistNeurologistUrologistCardiologistHematologistOncologistPsychologistradiologist,麻醉师皮肤科专家肝病科专家眼科专家药理学专家呼吸科专家毒理学专家神经病学专家泌尿科专家(医师)心脏病专家心血管病专家肿瘤学专家精神病学专家放射科医师,Some words on symptomsHeadacheFeverCoughVomitingChest painItchingDiarrheaBroken bonesAbdominal painSore throatNosebleedPr
15、essure in the chestBreathlessRashSprainsCuts/lacerations,头痛发烧咳嗽呕吐胸痛瘙痒腹泻骨折腹痛咽痛流鼻血胸闷气短出疹扭伤裂伤,Cardiovascular systemNauseatednauseaPeripheralsSinuses MigraineSharp painDull acheStabbing/stinging painPain coming in wavesAchingBurning painThrobbing painCramp-like painRadiating pain,心血管系统呕吐呕心神经末梢瘘管偏头痛锐痛钝痛
16、刺痛 阵痛酸痛 灼痛 悸痛 绞痛 放射性疼痛,PinkFlushed faceCyanosedGreyPaleDehydratedDizzyNumbPins and needlesTenseDepressedAnxiousWorriedWithdrawnFrightenedUpsettearful,面红耳赤的面色潮红发绀的灰白的苍白的脱水眩晕失去知觉发麻紧张的抑郁的忧虑的焦虑的孤独的受惊的心烦意乱的悲痛的,Please take three tablets of the medicine with water three times a day after meals.*tablet;pill;capsule;powder;paste/cream/ointment;syrup/mixture.Please take a spoonful of cough mixture every five hours.何崇明QQ:142401364313823826242AIDS:Acquired immune deficient syndromeGDP/GNPGross domestic product national,
