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1、Introduction to Translation,1、翻译的概念2、翻译的性质3、翻译在外语教学中的地位4、翻译与其他学科的关系5、翻译的分类6、译者的素养 7、翻译市场的现状8、翻译工具箱,1、翻译的概念,翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。-张培基（1980）,Catford,Translation may be defined as follows:the replacement of textual material in one language(SL)by equivalent textual material in anothe
2、r language(TL).,Peter Newmark,Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.(Translating)is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended t
3、he text.,Samuel Johnson,To translate is to change into another language,retaining as much of the sense as one can.,巴尔胡达罗夫（语言与翻译 1985 中文版）,“翻译就是把依照语言地言语产物在保持内容方面（也就是意义）不变地情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物地过程。”,奈达定义的三个优点,明确地说明了要译的是什么（信息message）暗示了由于语言文化上的差异，原文和译文只能做到相对的对等（closest）考虑了译文的可接受性,Some Definitions by Modern
4、 Translation Theorists,Teaching Contents:An introduction to the course of translationTeaching Aims:To make students aware of what the course is about.Teaching Focus:The nature of the translation and the way to learn translationTeaching Methods:Discussion(group work,then class work).Teaching Approach
5、es:Multi-media aided.Teaching Procedures:,Teaching Plan,Step 1 Questions for discussion,1.What is translation?2.What is the nature of translation?3.How many categories do you think translation can be divided into,and what are they?4.What are the characteristics of translation?Describe it in detail,p
6、lease.5.What are we going to learn in this course?6.What is translation theory and what are translation techniques?What is the relationship between them?7.Which is easier,translating or speaking and writing?8.As a translator,what competence should you have?Can you describe it in detail?9.How can we
7、learn the course well?,Definitions of translation,1)Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.2)The replacement of textual material in one language(SL)by equivalent textu
8、al material in another language(TL).3)A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.,所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原
9、语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体.,翻译可作如下界定：用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（出发语）的文本材料.,Definitions of translation,4)Translation is reproducing the meaning of one language in another language so as to communicate with the people speaking different languages.Meanwhile people can exchange ideas,transmit culture awareness,sti
10、mulate social civilization,especially stimulate the development and prospect of the culture of the target language.,译文应完全复写出原作的思想。译文的风格和笔调应与原语的性质相同。译文应像原文一样通顺流畅。,翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化意识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。,The nature of translation,A.When referred to a subject of curriculum,tra
11、nslation is a science,just as any subject is,with its own rules,laws and principles for the translators to abide by.B.When referred to some specific pieces of translation,it is like an art,with each piece manifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator;C.When referred to
12、 a process,in which something is translated,it is a craft or skill.For unlike any branch of natural science,the process of translation has its peculiarity,and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable.Besides it entails a lot of practice-particular craftsmanship and skills which ar
13、e displayed by touches of different translators.,Gideon Toury,“A translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture,on whatever grounds.”,Christiane Nord,“Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a re
14、lationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.”,Jean Sager,“Translation is an externally motivated industrial activity,supported by information technology,which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form o
15、f communication.”,吕俊,“翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动，其本质是传播，是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。”,沈苏儒,“翻译是把具有某一文化背景的发送者用某种语言（文字）所表达的内容尽可能充分地、有效地传达给使用另一种语言（文字）、具有另一种文化背景的接受者。”,张今,“翻译是两个语言社会(language community)之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的主要是促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。”,Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
16、,“It is sometimes said that there is no task more complex than translation-a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account.Translators not only need to know their source language well;they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge c
17、overed by the source text,and of any,Categories of translation,A.In terms of languages,it can be divided into two categories:From native languages(source languages)into foreign languages(source/target languages)or vice versa;B.In terms of mode,it can be divided into oral interpretation,written trans
18、lation and machine translation;C.In terms of materials to be translated,there is translation of scientific materials,translation of literary works such as novels,stories,prose,poetry,drama,etc.,translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems,reports,speeches,etc.,and translation
19、 of practical writing(as official documents,contracts and agreements,notices,receipts,etc.).D.In terms of disposal,it can be either full-text translation(全文翻译),abridged translation(摘译),or adapted translation(编译).,social,cultural,or emotional connotations that need to be specified in the target langu
20、age if the intended effect is to be conveyed.The same special awareness needs to be present for the target language,so that points of special phrasing,local(e.g.regional)expectations,and so on,can all be taken into account.“,2、翻译的性质,翻译是科学：翻译有规律可循翻译是艺术：翻译是译者对原文进行再创造的过程。翻译是技能：翻译有技巧，这些技巧可以通过讲授和翻译实践获得。,
21、3、翻译在英语教学中的地位,翻译和语言学习是相辅相成的关系，翻译是促进语言学习绝好方式和绝佳途径。翻译可以帮助学生更加明确地意识到良种语言了特点以及它们所折射的两种文化的差异，从而提高对所学语言的敏感程度，加深对外语以至本族语的理解。,4、翻译与其它学科的关系,翻译是一门博大精深的学问，不是单打一的学问，翻译几乎可以称为“百科学”。翻译涉及两种语言两种文化，是跨语言、跨文化的交际，翻译学科是一门跨学科的综合性学科，同语言学、社会语言学、语义学、语用学、文体学、跨文化交际、心理学等等学科都有密切的联系。汉译英，理解汉语原文是前提，英语功底是关键，广博得知识是保证。汉译英能力是各种能力的综合体现。
22、译者必须是“杂家”。,5、翻译的分类,按照源语和译语的相对位置 1、外语译成本族语 2、本族语译成外语按照工作方式 1、口译 2、笔译 3、机器翻译,按照题材 1、专业翻译（科技文献、学术著作等）2、一般性翻译（新闻报道、旅游宣传 品、政府文件等）3、文学翻译,按照处理方式 1、全译 6、缩译 2、摘译 7、综述 3、编译 8、改译 4、译写 9、阐译 5、译评,6、译者的素养,彦琮“承袭道安的思想”，“总结历代译事经验”，提出了合格译者的八项条件：热爱佛法，不怕耗时长久；忠实可信，不惹旁人讥疑；通达旨意；不存暗昧疑点；射猎经史，不令译文疏拙；度量宽和，不可武断固执；淡于名利，不求哗众取宠；精
23、通梵文，不失原文义理；兼通汉语，不使译文失准。,扎实的语言功底广博的言外知识敏锐的感受能力敬业乐业的精神,He is easily the best student in the class.他很容易地成了班上最好的学生。他绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生。（他比班上别的学生要好得多。）The stranger robbed his wife.那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱（东西）。I cant agree more.我不能同意更多了。我完全同意。（我举双手赞成。）,They gave the boy the lie.他们对男孩说谎。他们指责男孩说谎。（他们指责男孩编造的这个谎言。
24、）This is a very good price.这是一个非常好的价钱。真便宜。She sighed for her mother.她为她母亲叹了一口气。他很怀念母亲。（她渴望见到母亲。）,Her mother died of difficult labor.她母亲劳累而死。她母亲死于难产。I wont do it to save my life.为了救自己的命，我不会干。我（宁）死也不干。I dare say he is honest.我敢说他是诚实的。我认为/我看/我觉得他是诚实的。,I have no opinion of him.我对他没有看法。我觉得他不怎么样？Their pan
25、ic was their only punishment.惊恐是他们受到的唯一处罚。他们只是受了一场虚惊。（有惊无险）Do you have a family?你有家吗？你有孩子吗？,He was then bright in the eye.那时他眼里放出了光芒。此时他已（喝得）酩酊大醉。Calculation never makes a hero.计算界从来没有造出英雄。举棋不定永远成不了英雄。,Characteristics of translation,A.You have to express what others say or write.B.Translators have n
26、o right to correct or alter what the original writer has written,such as the content,the structure the style,the selection of words,etc.You have to translate in the original style,with the original feeling.No alteration is allowed when translating.C.Translators have to understand the original work o
27、r materials fully before translating.The process for a translator to work is:a.To understand b.To express in the target languageD.To avoid the interference of the original language.Different languages have different cultures,different ways of expressing ideas.The collocation of words,sentence struct
28、ures,figure of speech in the original language may be different from those in the target language.So a translator should not only try to stick to the original meaning but also make your translation meet the customary expressions in the target language.,Learning contents,We are going to learn transla
29、tion theory,translation techniques.Whats more,we are going to do more practice,for translation ability is not gained through learning,but through practice.During the translation course we are going to practice on the translation of words,sentences,paragraphs,passages as well as articles or writings
30、of different styles,types or forms.So this course will be student-centered,not teacher centered.,Translation theory and techniques,1)Translation theory refers to the study of the internal inherent laws of translation,the finding of the problems often met with in translating and the solutions to them
31、.(It also helps people to understand the laws and solve different kinds of problems in their translation.)2)Translation techniques refer to the experience that people have accumulated in their long-time translating work,which include diction(选词用句),amplification(增词),omission,repetition,conversion,res
32、tructuring(重组),negation(正说反译,反说正译),division(长句拆译),etc.,The relationship between translation theory and techniques,Translation theory refers to the laws to help people to understand the laws and solve different kinds of problems in translation,while translation techniques refer to the experience peop
33、le have accumulated in their practice of translation.Techniques are important,but they are not panacea.Different kinds of materials to be translated require different stresses in their rendition.For example,scientific materials stress their preciseness,novels and stories,their plots and characters,e
34、tc.We must master the translation theory to guide our translation work.(the teachers opinion)In the point view of Eugene A.Nida,the famous American translator,“translation practice without an adequate theory produces only haphazard results,while theory without practice is completely sterile”(Nida,19
35、69).(缺少理论指导的翻译是随意的翻译,离开实践的理论是毫无根据用处的理论。),What competence should you have?,A.To master the foreign language(the target language)in order to fully and correctly understand the materials which you are to translate.B.To master your native language(the source language)in order to express the original mea
36、ning well,and also to fully understand the original article before you translate.C.To be well learnedto learn as much general knowledge as possible in order to select the most proper words in translating and to make your translation more smooth and natural.D.To have a very good attitude towards the
37、translation work.This is also very important.You can never too careful in your translation.Only in this way can you do your translation well,Methods for learning the course,We have to learn the theory and the techniques of translation well,besides,we have to do much practice.Only through practice ca
38、n we improve our ability in translation.In this course the students have to be divided into pairs,groups for classroom activities and homework.Everyone has to preview the lesson,take an active part in the discussion and do the homework as required carefully.,Step 2 Translation practice,A.Translation
39、 techniques:Translate the following sentences,paying attention to the translation of the underlined words.1.Tom has the right qualities of mind for the job.2.Lin Zexu was on of the greatest minds of that age.3.My wife has gone to work,so I have got a lot on my mind just now.4.Please mind my bike whi
40、le I go into the shop.5.Dont interfere in my affairs.Mind your own business.,汤姆有胜任这项工作的智力才能。,林则徐是那个时代最有头脑的人物之一。,我妻子上班去了,所以我目前有很多事要操心。,我进商店时，请帮我照看一下自行车。,别干涉我，管你自己的事。,Step 2 Translation practice,6.The knife is not sharp enough to cut the meat.7.There is a sharp turn to the right nearby.8.There is a sh
41、arp contrast between the poorest and the richest.9.The lawyer was too sharp for me.10.Mrs.Green was very sharp with me when I was late for school.,这把刀用来切肉不够快。,附近有一个向右的急转弯。,赤贫者和巨富者形成了一个鲜明的对比。,那个律师太精明了，我对付不了他。,我上课迟到了，格林夫人严厉地训斥了我。,Step 2 Translation practice,11.An apple or an orange,its up to you.12.We
42、 are confident to get rid of those difficulties since the government have agreed to give us some help.13.He specializes in oriental history.14.The story roots in a long story.15.I am not a stranger in the city,you cant cheat me.,吃苹果还是吃桔子，你自己决定。,既然政府答应给予帮助，我们有信心克服困难。,他是东方史专家。,这个故事的起源一言难尽。,我对这个城市不陌生，你
43、骗不了我。,Step 2 Translation practice,B.Theory:a.Different expressions in different languages:1.black tea 2.black coffee 3.open market 4.open city5.black sheep 6.in hot water 7.brown bread 8.have a ball9.at sixes and sevens 10.black and blue,红茶,不加奶的咖啡,露天市场，自由市场,不设防的城市,害群之马,陷入困境,黑面包,玩得开心,乱七八糟,青一块紫一块,Step
44、 2 Translation practice,11.吃亏 12.吃苦 13.吃不开 14.吃香 15.吃 惊16.我送你回家,suffer losses,bear hardship,be unpopular,be very popular,be startled,Wrong:Ill send you home.(我要解雇你，打发你回家，炒你的鱿鱼。)Correct:Ill see you home./Ill escort you home./Ill drive you home.Ill accompany you home./Ill take you home in my car(on my
45、 bike).,Step 2 Translation practice,17.They are the salts of the earth.18.They are six of one and half a dozen of the other.19.She talked nineteen to the dozen.20.You must do it for me in a hundred and one ways.,他们是社会的中坚力量。,他们是半斤八两。,她滔滔不绝地说。,你必须千方百计地为我做这件事。,Step 2 Translation practice,b.Different co
46、llocation of words:1.大风 2.大雪 3.大浪 4.大树 5.大楼 6.大雾 7.大亨 8.大师 9.大面积 10.大扫除11.a crowd of young people 12.a swarm of bees,strong wind,heavy snow,high wave,tall tree,high building,thick fog,big shot,great master,large area,general/thorough cleaning,一群年轻人,一大群蜜蜂,Step 2 Translation practice,13.a pack of wolv
47、es 14.a drove of horses 15.a fleet of fishing boats 16.vice-chairman 17.associate professor 18.assistant manager 19.Chinese cabbage(chestnut),一群狼一群马一群渔船副主席副教授副经理大白菜(栗子),Step 2 Translation practice,20.China duck(town,plate,ink)21.Dutch auction(courage,bargain)22.go Dutch 23.be in Dutch,20.陷入麻烦21.降价或拍
48、卖，酒后之勇，不公平的交易22.均摊费用23.鸳鸯(唐人街，伙伴，墨),Step 2 Translation practice,1.No comments.2.No smoke.3.Wet paint!,油漆未干！禁止烟火无可奉告,4.This new office machine dispenses with the need for a secretary.5.With all his faults,I still like him.,有了这台新的办公机器就不需要秘书了。,尽管他有那么多的缺点,我仍然喜欢他。,c.Different sentence structures:,Step 2
49、Translation practice,6.He doesnt know what life means to him.7.It was well past midnight,and twenty four U.S.planes flew high over the horizon.8.This factory,whose workers are all women,is closed for part of the school holidays.,他不知道人生对他意味着什么。,已过半夜的时候，24架美国飞机高飞在天际。,这个工厂，由于工人全是妇女，常在学校假期关闭一段时间。,Step 2
50、 Translation practice,d.Others:(Different systems,different cultures,different contexts,etc.In this case we should select different translation methods.)1.专科学校 2.本科学校 3.对外汉语教研室 4.Janes mother is a cat.,threeyear collegefour-year college Chinese Program for Foreign Students,她是一个猫藏坏心的女人。,比较：她是一只猫。（直译，
